Optical Engineering of Diamond

This is the first comprehensive book on the engineering of diamond optical devices. Written by 39 experts in the field, it gives readers an up–to–date review of the properties of optical quality synthetic diamond (single crystal and nanodiamond) and the nascent field of diamond optical device engineering. Application areas covered in detail in this book include quantum information processing, high performance lasers and light sources, and bioimaging. It provides scientists, engineers and physicists with a valuable and practical resource for the design and development of diamond–based optical devices.

Foreword XV Preface XVII List of Contributors XXI 1 Intrinsic Optical Properties of Diamond 1 Richard P. Mildren 1.1 Transmission 2 1.2 Lattice Absorption 3 1.3 UV Edge Absorption 11 1.4 Refractive Index 13 1.5 Verdet Constant 16 1.6 First–Order Raman Scattering 16 1.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering 24 1.8 Brillouin Scattering 25 1.9 Electronic Nonlinearity 27 Acknowledgments 30 References 31 2 Optical Quality Diamond Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition 35 Ian Friel 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 CVD Diamond Growth Principles 36 2.3 Properties of Optical Quality CVD Diamond 43 2.4 Optical Applications of CVD Diamond 60 2.5 Summary 63 2.6 Acknowledgments 64 References 64 3 Polishing and Shaping of Monocrystalline Diamond 71 Jonathan R. Hird 3.1 Introduction: Background and Historical Overview 71 3.2 Shaping Diamond: Cleaving, Bruting, and Sawing 73 3.3 Practical Aspects of Diamond Polishing 74 3.4 The Science of Mechanical Polishing 77 3.5 Tribological Behavior of Diamond 92 3.6 Other Polishing Methods 96 3.7 Producing High–Quality Planar Surfaces on Diamond 98 3.8 Nonplanar and Structured Geometries 101 3.9 Summary 102 References 103 4 Refractive and Diffractive Diamond Optics 109 Fredrik Nikolajeff and Mikael Karlsson 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Windows and Domes 110 4.3 Refractive Devices 112 4.4 Diffractive Components 119 4.5 Polishing 126 4.6 Micromachining 128 4.7 Coatings 133 4.8 Applications 134 4.9 Conclusions and Outlook 137 References 138 5 Nitrogen–Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications 143 Carlo Bradac, Torsten Gaebel, and James R. Rabeau 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Defects in Diamond 144 5.3 Synthesis of Diamond 159 5.4 Applications of Color Centers in Diamond 163 5.5 Feasibility of NV Center–Based Nanotechnologies 165 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook 168 References 169 6 n–Type Diamond Growth and Homoepitaxial Diamond Junction Devices 177 Satoshi Koizumi and Toshiharu Makino 6.1 n–Type Diamond Growth and Semiconducting Characteristics 177 6.2 Electrical Properties of Diamond pn Junctions 185 6.3 Diamond Deep–UV LEDs 187 6.4 Recent Progress of Diamond Junction Devices 202 6.5 Summary 204 6.6 Acknowledgments 205 References 206 7 Surface Doping of Diamond and Induced Optical Effects 209 Vladimira Petrakova, Miroslav Ledvina, and Milos Nesladek 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 NV Centers in Diamond 210 7.3 Theoretical Considerations of Surface Manipulation with Optical Defects by Transfer Doping 212 7.4 Formation of Variously Charged NV Centers in Diamond 217 7.5 Transfer Doping Effects: Luminescent Properties of NV Centers in Variously Terminated Nanodiamonds 225 7.6 Conclusions 235 References 236 8 Diamond Raman Laser Design and Performance 239 Richard P. Mildren, Alexander Sabella, Ondrej Kitzler, David J. Spence, and Aaron M. McKay 8.1 Introduction and Background 239 8.2 Optical, Thermal, and Physical Properties of Diamond 246 8.3 Diamond Raman Laser Development 258 8.4 Extending the Capability of Raman Lasers Using Diamond 264 8.5 Conclusions and Outlook 270 Acknowledgments 271 References 272 9 Quantum Optical Diamond Technologies 277 Philipp Neumann and Jörg Wrachtrup 9.1 Introduction 277 9.2 The NV Center’s Electron Spin as a Master Qubit 279 9.3 Nuclear Spins as a Qubit Resource 280 9.4 Summary and Outlook 303 References 305 10 Diamond–Based Optical Waveguides, Cavities, and Other Microstructures 311 Snjezana Tomljenovic–Hanic, Timothy J. Karle, Andrew D. Greentree, Brant C. Gibson, Barbara A. Fairchild, Alastair Stacey, and Steven Prawer 10.1 Introduction 311 10.2 Optical Properties 318 10.3 Design of Diamond–Based Optical Structures 319 10.4 Single–Crystal Diamond 321 10.5 Polycrystalline Thin Films 335 10.6 Hybrid Approaches 338 10.7 Conclusions and Outlook 340 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 11 Thermal Management of Lasers and LEDs Using Diamond 353 Alan J. Kemp, John–Mark Hopkins, Jennifer E. Hastie, Stephane Calvez, Yanfeng Zhang, Erdan Gu, Martin D. Dawson, and David Burns 11.1 Introduction 353 11.2 The Use of Diamond in Lasers: A Brief Review 355 11.3 Exploiting the Extreme Properties of Diamond 357 11.4 Current Uses of Diamond: Semiconductor Disk Lasers 360 11.5 Current Uses of Diamond: Doped–Dielectric Disk Lasers 369 11.6 Current Uses of Diamond: Light–Emitting Diodes 375 11.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 376 Acknowledgments 378 References 378 12 Laser Micro– and Nanoprocessing of Diamond Materials 385 Vitaly I. Konov, Taras V. Kononenko, and Vitali V. Kononenko 12.1 Introduction 385 12.2 Laser–Induced Surface Graphitization 388 12.3 Laser Ablation 394 12.4 Bulk Graphitization of Diamond 410 12.5 Diamond Laser Processing Techniques 419 12.6 Conclusions 438 Acknowledgments 438 References 438 13 Fluorescent Nanodiamonds and Their Prospects in Bioimaging 445 Nitin Mohan and Huan–Cheng Chang 13.1 Introduction 445 13.2 Color Centers 446 13.3 Red Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 448 13.4 Smaller FNDs 454 13.5 Biological Applications 458

Rich Mildren is Associate Professor and Australian Research Council Future Fellow at the Macquarie University?s Department of Physics, Australia. He obtained his PhD in the plasma kinetics of high power metal vapor lasers in 1997. His postdoctoral research has included laser ? plasma interactions, power scaling of copper vapor lasers and in wavelengths versatile solid–state lasers. In 2005–2008, he joined Med–Aesthetic Solutions International Pty Ltd to lead R&D of high energy wavelength–switchable lasers for skin treatment applications. Since returning to Macquarie University in 2008, he has pioneered research in diamond Raman lasers. He has over 150 publications and several patents. James Rabeau is Associate Professor and Australian Research Council Future Fellow in the Department of Physics at Macquarie University, Sydney. He obtained his PhD research from Heriot–Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland in diamond chemical vapour deposition and cavity ring–down spectroscopy of diamond forming plasmas. He moved to the University of Melbourne for a post–doctoral fellowship where he continued his research in diamond synthesis and applications of single colour centres. He joined Macquarie University in Sydney in 2007 and has built an international reputation for diamond based applications in quantum science and biological imaging.