Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants: Trends and Techniques

Reflecting the progress in recent years, this book provides in–depth information on the preparation, chemistry, and engineering of bioceramic coatings for medical implants. It is authored by two renowned experts with over 30 years of experience in industry and academia, who know the potentials and pitfalls of the techniques concerned.

Following an introduction to the principles of biocompatibility, they present the structures and properties of various bioceramics from alumina to zirconia to calcium phosphates. The main part of the work focuses on coating technologies, such as biomimetic deposition, sol–gel deposition, magnetron sputtering, and thermal spraying. Then follows a discussion of the major interactions of bioceramics with bone and connective tissue cells, complemented by an overview of the in–vitro testing methods of the biomineralization properties of bioceramics. The text is rounded off by chapters on the functionalization of bioceramic coatings and a look at future trends.

As a result, the authors bring together all aspects of the latest techniques for designing, depositing, testing, and implementing improved and novel bioceramic coating compositions, providing a full yet concise overview for beginners and professionals.

PREFACE
BIOMATERIALS –
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE NATURE OF BIOCERAMIC MATERIALS
SCOPE AND SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOCERAMICS
Europe
USA and Canada
Asia
PRINCIPLES OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Bioinert Ceramics
Biotolerant Ceramics
Bioactive Ceramics
Osseoconduction vs. Osseoinduction
HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF BONE TISSUE
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERACTION OF BIOCERAMICS AND LIVING MATTER
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BIOCERAMICS
Bioinert Ceramics: Alumina, Zirconia, Titania, and Others
Bio(osseo)conductive Ceramics: Bioglasses, Hydroxyapatite, Tricalcium Phosphates, Tetracalcium Phosphate, Transition–Metal Substituted Calcium Orthophosphates, Resorbable Calcium Phosphates, Composite Materials, and Others
TECHNOLOGY OF COATING DEPOSITION
Biomimetic Route
Sol–Gel Deposition
Dip Coating
Electrochemical Deposition
Electrophoretic Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Ion Implantation
Magnetron Sputtering
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)
Micro–Arc Oxidation (MAO)
Laser Cladding
Thermal Spraying (APS, HVOF, PLD, etc.)
Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS)
Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying (CGDS)
Others
STRUCUTRE, PROPERTIES, AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIOCERAMIC COATINGS
In Vitro Behavior
In Vivo Behavior
IN VITRO TESTING BIOMINERALIZATION PROPERTIES OF BIOCERAMIC COATINGS
Composition of Solutions Mimicking Human ECF (Extracellular Fluid)
Biomineralization by Immersion in ECF–Simulating Solutions
Cell Proliferation, Spreading, Vitality and Differentiation Studies
ISO–10993 Standard Testing
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Assay Using ELISA
Osteocalcin Secretion
Osteopontin and Osteonectin Assays
Others
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION OF BIOCERAMIC COATINGS
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTLOOK


Robert B. Heimann is Professor (em.) of Applied Mineralogy and Materials Science at Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany. He received his scientific degrees from the Free University (FU) Berlin, Germany, and served as a research fellow at FU Berlin and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. In 1979, he moved to Canada and worked as a postdoctoral research associate at the McMaster University, was visiting professor at the University of Toronto, and held various positions as senior researcher and manager in industry and government institutions. In 1993, he became Full Professor in Freiberg. Until his retirement in 2004, Professor Heimann has authored over 280 scientific publications including several books, was board member and chair of several committees and vice president of the International Council for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM). In 2001, he was honored with the Georg–Agricola–Medal of the German Mineralogy Society.

Hans D. Lehmann is an organic chemist with an extensive working experience in polymer chemistry and polymer processing technology. He received his Diploma in chemistry from the Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Germany, in 1962. He worked as a polymer chemist and team leader in production–related research at the chemical company VEB BUNA (now Dow Chemical and Styron Deutschland). He specialized in the development of polymerization catalysts, modeling of monomer and polymer syntheses as well as their processing technologies and analytics. Moreover, Hans Lehmann was responsible for the coordination between academia, industry and government at Dow Chemical in the Bitterfeld region. Since 1994 he worked as a consultant for patent law and process concepts, and co–authored several patents related to structural and functional surface coatings.