Efficient Carbon Capture for Coal Power Plants

Carbon Capture and Storage is a key technology for a sustainable and low carbon economy. This book unites top academic and industry researchers in search for commercial concepts for CCS at coal power plants. This reference focuses on power plant technology and ways to improve efficiency.
It details the three principal ways of capturing the CO2 produced in power plants: oxyfuel combustion, postcombustion and precombustion, with the main part concentrating on the different approaches to removing carbon dioxide. Wtih an eye on safety, the authors explain how the three parts of the CCS chain work – capture, transport and storage – and how they can be performed safely.
The result is specific insights for process engineers, chemists, physicists and materials engineers in their relevant fields, as well as a sufficiently broad scope to be able to understand the opportunities and implications of the other disciples.

Spis treści:
Preface XIII
List of Contributors XV
Part 1 Introduction and Overview
1 The Case for Carbon Capture and Storage 3
Klaus S. Lackner
Abstract 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Dilution versus Treatment 4
1.3 Carbon Reservoirs 5
1.4 Excess Carbon 5
1.5 The Scale of Carbon Capture and Storage 6
1.6 Storage Capacity Requirements 7
1.7 Conclusion 8
References 9
2 Advanced Power Plant Technology 11
Hartmut Spliethoff
Abstract 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 History of the Development of Power Plants –
Correlation Between Unit Size, Availability, and Efficiency 12
2.3 Possibilities for Efficiency Increases in the Development of a Steam Power Plant 15
References 40
3 Capture Options for Coal Power Plants 45
Ernst Riensche, Jewgeni Nazarko, Sebastian Schiebahn, Michael Weber, Li Zhao, and Detlef Stolten
Abstract 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Requirements on CO2 Capture and Compression 47
3.3 CO2 Capture Routes 53
3.4 Gas Separation Tasks and Methods 54
3.5 Plant Concepts for Carbon Capture 65
3.6 Carbon Dioxide Compression 74
3.7 Conclusion 75
Acknowledgments 75
References 76
4 Life Cycle Assessment for Power Plants with CCS 83
Peter Viebahn
Abstract 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Life Cycle Assessment as an Assessment Method 84
4.3 Review of Life Cycle Assessments Along the Whole CCS Chain 85
4.4 Results 99
4.5 Constraints of LCA Regarding an Assessment of CCS 102
4.6 Comparison of Electricity from CCS and from Renewable Energies 104
4.7 Conclusion on Needs for Action 105
Acknowledgment 107
References 107
Part 2 CO2 Scrubbing
5 Physics and Chemistry of Absorption for CO2 Capture to Coal Power Plants 113
Paul Feron and Graeme Puxty
Abstract 113
5.1 Gas Separation for CO2 Capture 113
5.2 Process Engineering and Performance 120
5.3 Physical Absorption 124
5.4 Chemical Absorption 131
5.5 Physical Properties 145
5.6 Outlook 146
Acknowledgments 147
Symbols and Nomenclature 147
References 149
Materials for CO2Scrubbing
6 Chemical Absorption Materials for CO2 Capture 155
Kaj Thomsen
Abstract 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Alkanolamines 157
6.3 Sodium and Potassium Carbonates 160
6.4 Ammonia 162
6.5 Amino Acid Salts 167
6.6 Ionic Liquids 168
6.7 Conclusion 168
References 169
7 Physical Absorption Materials for CO2 Capture 175
Sebastian Schiebahn, Li Zhao and Marcus Grünewald
Abstract 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Pre–Combustion Capture in IGCC 176
7.3 Physical Absorption Materials and Processes 179
7.4 Conclusions and Outlook 195
References 196
Processes for CO2 Scrubbing
8 CO2 Removal in Coal Power Plants via Post–Combustion with Absorbents 201
Hans Fahlenkamp, Bernhard Epp, Stefan Telge, Christina Stankewitz, and Martin Dittmar
Abstract 201
8.1 Tail–End CO2 Capture 202
8.2 Demonstration Plants and Pilot Plants 216
8.3 Conclusion 236
Symbols and Abbreviations 237
References 238
9 CO2 Removal in Coal Power Plants via Pre–Combustion with Physical Absorption 241
Stéphane Walspurger, Eric van Dijk, and Ruud van den Brink
Abstract 241
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 The Sorption–Enhanced Water Gas Shift Process 250
9.3 Sorption Processes and Material Development for SEWGS 256
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 263
Acknowledgments 264
References 264
Part 3 CO2 Removal with Cryogenic Air Separation
10 CO2 Capture via the Oxyfuel Process with Cryogenic Air Separation 271
Alfons Kather and Mathias Klostermann
Abstract 271
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Flue Gas Recycle 273
10.3 Combustion 276
10.4 CO2 Purification and Capture 278
10.5 Efficiency 284
10.6 Current Developments 291
References 292
Part 4 Separation with Membranes
11 Physics of Membrane Separation of CO2 297
Matthias Wessling
Abstract 297
11.1 Introduction 297
11.2 Macroscopic Mass Transport 300
11.3 Permeation Through Materials 302
11.4 Membrane Geometries and Morphologies 309
11.5 Fluid Dynamics and Modules 310
11.6 Process Des ign 313
11.7 Conclusion 315
References 316
Materials for Membrane Separation of CO2
12 Inorganic Membranes for CO2 Separation 319
Wilhelm A. Meulenberg, Ingolf Voigt, Ralf Kriegel, Stefan Baumann, Mariya Ivanova, and Tim van Gestel
Abstract 319
12.1 Introduction 320
12.2 Membranes for Gas Separation 321
12.3 Conclusion and Outlook 343
References 344
13 Polymer Membranes for CO2 Separation 351
Sander R. Reijerkerk, Kitty Nijmeijer, Jens Potreck, Katja Simons, and Matthias Wessling
Abstract 351
13.1 Introduction 352
13.2 Polymer Membranes for CO2 Capture 354
13.3 Theoretical Gas and Vapor Transport Through Dense Polymer Membranes 360
13.4 Gas and Vapor Transport Through Dense Polymer Membranes for Flue Gas Treatment 364
13.5 Conclusion 374
References 376
Processes for Membrane Separation of CO2
14 CO2 Separation via the Post–Combustion Process with Membranes in Coal Power Plants 381
Peter Michael Follmann, Christoph Bayer, Matthias Wessling, and Thomas Melin
Abstract 381
14.1 Introduction 381
14.2 Process Boundary Conditions 382
14.3 Membranes and Membrane Modeling 386
14.4 Membrane Processes 391
14.5 Economics of Membrane Processes for CO2 Capture 399
14.6 Summary and Conclusions 400
Acknowledgment 400
References 401
15 CO2 Separation via the Oxyfuel Process with O2–Transport Membranes in Coal Power Plants 405
Franz Beggel, Nicolas Nauels, and Michael Modigell
Abstract 405
15.1 Introduction 405
15.2 MIEC Membrane Operating Concepts 406
15.3 Hard Coal Membrane–Based Oxyfuel Process 408
15.4 Literature Review of Membrane–Based Oxyfuel Processes 416
15.5 Towards Realization – Module Design 421
15.6 Conclusion 427
References 428
16 CO2 Separation via Pre–Combustion Utilizing Membranes in Coal Power Plants 431
Viktor Scherer and Johannes Franz
Abstract 431
16.1 Introduction 431
16.2 Process Conditions, Membrane Characteristics,
Classification Numbers, Permeation Laws, and Water Gas Shift 432
16.3 Pre–Combustion Concepts with Scrubbing Technologies 444
16.4 Pre–Combustion Concepts with CO2–Selective Membranes 445
16.5 Pre–Combustion Concepts with H2–Selective Membranes 453
16.6 Conclusion 466
References 468
Part 5 Chemical Looping for CO2 Separation
17 Chemical Looping Materials for CO2 Separation 475
Anders Lyngfelt and Tobias Mattisson
Abstract 475
17.1 Introduction 475
17.2 Chemical Looping Combustion of Solid Fuels 478
17.3 Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) 478
17.4 Chemical Looping Reforming 479
17.5 Chemical Looping Gasification of Solid Fuels 480
17.6 Oxygen Carrier Development 481
17.7 Reactor Design and Operational Experience in Chemical Looping Combustors 493
17.8 Reactivity and Solids Inventory 495
17.9 Conclusion 495
References 496
18 Chemical Looping in Power Plants 505
Bernd Epple and Jochen Ströhle
Abstract 505
18.1 Introduction 505
18.2 Chemical Looping Combustion 506
18.3 Carbonate Looping Process 514
18.4 Conclusion 520
References 522
Part 6 Transportation and Storage of CO2
19 CO2 Compression 527
Mark A. Gray
Abstract 527
19.1 CO2 Compression and Storage – Magnitude of the Issue 527
19.2 CO2 Compression Energy Consumption – Heat Integration 528
19.3 Heat Recovery Opportunities 532
19.4 CO2 Purity and Pipeline Transport Issues 533
19.5 CO2 Storage Development – Prudent Practices 534
19.6 Public Policy and Long–Term Liability 537
19.7 Conclusion 539
References 540
20 CO2 Transport – The Missing Link for CCS 541
Chris A. Hendriks, Erika de Visser, and Joris Koornneef
Abstract 541
20.1 Introduction 541
20.2 Experience with CO2 Transport 542
20.3 CO2 Transport by Pipeline 544
20.4 CO2 Transport by Ship 552
20.5 Ships Compared with Pipelines 557
20.6 CO2 Infrastructure Networks 558
20.7 Regulation and Investment Decisions 561
20.8 Strategic Planning for Pipelines 565
References 568
21 Storage of Fossil Carbon 573
Klaus S. Lackner
Abstract 573
21.1 Introduction 573
21.2 Summary of Storage Options 574
21.3 Current Activities 578
21.4 Utilization Versus Disposal 581
21.5 Different Forms of Stored Carbon 584
21.6 Storage Lifetime 591
21.7 Storage Capacity Requirements 592
21.8 Closing Natural Carbon Cycles 593
21.9 The Role of Alkalinity 593
21.10 Storage Safety 594
21.11 Storage Accountability 595
21.12 Conclusion 596
References 598
Index 601

Nota biograficzna:
Prof. Detlef Stolten is the Director of the Institute of Energy and Climate Research at the Forschungszentrum Julich. Prof. Stolten received his doctorate from the University of Technology at Clausthal,Germany. He served many years as a Research Scientist in the laboratories of Robert Bosch and Daimler Benz/Dornier. In 1998 he accepted the position of Director of the Institute of Materials and Process Technology at the Research Center Julich. Two years la ter he became Professor for Fuel Cell Technology at the University of Technology (RWTH) at Aachen. Prof. Stolten′s research focuses on fuel cells, implementing results from research in innovative products, procedures and processes in collaboration with industry, contributing towards bridging the gap between science and technology. His research activities are focused on energy process engineering of SOFC and PEFC systems, i.e. electrochemistry, stack technology, process and systems engineering as well as systems analysis. Prof. Stolten represents Germany in the Executive Committee of the IEA Annex Advanced Fuel Cells and is on the advisory board of the journal Fuel Cells.
Prof. Viktor Scherer is the Head of the Department of Energy Plant Technology at the University of Bochum, Germany. He received his doctorate from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technolgy (KIT), Germany. Prof. Scherer worked for more than 10 years in the power plant industry for ABB and Alstom. In 2000 he was appointed as a Professor in Energy Plant Technology at the University of Bochum. His research activities are focused on the analysis and description of chemically reacting flow fields in the energy related industry, like power plant, steel and cement industry. Another research aspect is the integration of membranes for carbon capture into Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants. Prof. Scherer is a member of the scientific advisory board of the VGB Power Tech, the European Association of power and heat generation.

Okładka tylna:
Carbon Capture and Storage is a key technology for a sustainable and low carbon economy. This book unites top academic and industry researchers in search for commercial concepts for CCS at coal power plants. This reference focuses on power plant technology and ways to improve efficiency.
It details the three principal ways of capturing the CO2 produced in power plants: oxyfuel combustion, postcombustion and precombustion, with the main part concentrating on the different approaches to removing carbon dioxide. Wtih an eye on safety, the authors explain how the three parts of the CCS chain work – capture, transport and storage – and how they can be performed safely.
The result is specific insights for process engineers, chemists, physicists and materials engineers in their relevant fields, as well as a sufficiently broad scope to be able to understand the opportunities and implications of the other disciples.