Security Aspects of Uni– and Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Systems

Written in a clear language, for use by scholars, managers and decisionmakers, this practical guide to the hot topic is unique in treating the
security aspects of hazmat transportation from both uni–modal and multi–modal perspectives. To begin with, each transport mode and its
relation to security vulnerability, analyses, figures, and approaches is discussed separately. Secondly, the optimization process of a hazmat
supply chain is examined from a holistic, integrated viewpoint. Finally, the book discusses and compares the various hazmat transport security
policies and strategies adopted in various regions around the world. The result is a must–have source of high–quality information including
many case studies.

Preface XV

List of Contributors XVII

Part One Introductory Section 1

1 Editorial Introduction 3
Luca Zamparini and Genserik Reniers

1.1 History, Importance, and Economic Aspects of Hazmat Transportation 5

1.2 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Unimodal Perspectives 6

1.3 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Multimodal Perspectives 7

1.4 Security of Hazmat Transportation: International Policies and Practices 8

Bibliography 8

2 History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation 9
Genserik Reniers

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 History of Hazmat–Transportation Research 11

2.3 Importance of Research on Hazmat Transportation and Associated Risks 12

2.4 Conclusions 14

Bibliography 14

3 Economic Issues in Hazmat Transportation 17
Luca Zamparini

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Hazmat Transportation in the United States and in the European Union 17

3.3 Models of Hazmat Transport 22

3.4 Concluding Remarks 24

Bibliography 24

Part Two Security of Hazmat Transports: Unimodal Perspectives 27

4 Security of Hazmat Transports by Road 29
Mark Lepofsky

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Hazmat Truck Types 30

4.3 Security–Sensitive Materials 33

4.4 Carrier Responsibility 33

4.5 Shipper and Consignee Responsibility 45

4.6 Motor–Carrier Enforcement 45

4.7 Law Enforcement and Emergency Response 46

4.8 Community Vigilance 46

4.9 Security–Related Events 47

4.10 Conclusions 47

Bibliography 48

5 Security Aspects of Hazmat Transport Using Railroad 49
Manish Verma and Vedat Verter

5.1 Introduction 49

5.2 Railroad Transportation System 51

5.3 Risk Assessment 53

5.4 Risk Management 60

5.5 Conclusion 66

Acknowledgment 67

Bibliography 67

6 Security of Hazmat Transports by Inland Waterways 71
Pero Vidan and Josip Kasum

6.1 Introduction 71

6.2 Transport of Hazardous Materials by Inland Waterways Current Legislation 72

6.3 Incidents on Inland Waterways 73

6.4 Security of Inland Waterways and Ports Current Practices 74

6.5 Proposals for Security Improvements on Inland Waterways 77

6.6 Proposals for Improvements of Inland Ports Security 85

6.7 Conclusion 87

Bibliography 88

Consulted Web Sites 89

7 Security of Hazmat Transports by Pipeline 91
Paul W. Parfomak

7.1 Introduction 91

7.2 Security Risks to Hazmat Pipelines 93

7.3 US Pipeline Security after September 11, 2001 99

7.4 Policy Issues in Hazmat Pipeline Security 107

7.5 Conclusions 109

Bibliography 110

Part Three Security of Hazmat Transports: Multimodal Perspectives 115

8 Mulitmodal Transport: Historical Evolution and Logistics Framework 117
Wout Dullaert, Bert Vernimmen, and Luca Zamparini

8.1 Introduction 117

8.2 Evolution of Multimodal Transport in the European Union, in the United States and in Asia 118

8.3 Problem Statement 123

8.4 The Standard Framework 123

8.5 Reconsidering the Case 128

8.6 Conclusions 132

Bibliography 132

9 Multimodal Analysis Framework for Hazmat Transports and Security 135
Cathy Macharis, Koen Van Raemdonck, Juha Hintsa, and Olivier Mairesse

9.1 Introduction 135

9.2 Literature Review 136

9.3 Refi ned Approach for the Calculation of Multimodal Hazmat–Transport Risk 139

9.4 Intended Incidents with Hazmat Transport 147

9.5 How to Include Security in the Modal Choice 149

9.6 Conclusion 158

Acknowledgments 159

Bibliography 159

10 Metaheuristics for the Multimodal Optimization of Hazmat Transports 163
Kenneth Sörensen, Pablo Maya Duque, Christine Vanovermeire, and Marco Castro

10.1 Introduction 163

10.2 Metaheuristics 165

10.3 Characteristics of Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Optimization Problems and the Case for Using Metaheuristics 167

10.4 Metaheuristics for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation 172

10.5 A Metaheuristic for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation 176

10.6 Conclusions and Research Opportunities 178

Bibliography 178

11 Freight Security and Livability: US Toxic and Hazardous Events from 2000 to 2010 183
Lisa Schweitzer, Pamela Murray–Tuite, Daniel Inloes, Jr., Mohja Rhoads, and Fynnwin Prager

11.1 Introduction 183

11.2 Background 184

11.3 Data on Consequences 187

11.4 Consequences and Geography 188

11.5 Event Consequences 190

11.6 Conclusions 195

Bibliography 198

Part Four Security of Hazmat Transports: International Policies and Practices 201

12 Security of Hazmat Transports in Italy 203
Paola Papa and Luca Zamparini

12.1 Introduction 203

12.2 Economic Signifi cance of Hazmat Transport in Italy 204

12.3 The Italian Legal Framework on Hazmat Transport Security 210

12.4 Recent Italian Case Studies Related to Hazmat Transport Security 213

12.5 Concluding Remarks 216

Bibliography 217

13 Security of Hazmat Transports in The Netherlands from a Security Practitioner s Point of View 219
Henk Neddermeijer

13.1 Introduction 219

13.2 Safety and Security 220

13.3 The Netherlands: a Risk–Prone Country with a Risk–Prone Infrastructure 222

13.4 The Dutch Transport Infrastructure as Risk Factor 223

13.5 Transport and Logistics in The Netherlands 225

13.6 Security Issues in Transport and Logistics 228

13.7 Terrorism 229

13.8 Transport and Logistics Crime 229

13.9 Safety First 230

13.10 Partners in Security 232

13.11 Conclusion 234

Bibliography 235

Internet Sources 235

14 Safeguarding Hazmat Shipments in the US: Policies and Challenges 237
Joseph S. Szyliowicz

14.1 Introduction 237

14.2 Intermodalism 237

14.3 The Pre–9/11 Situation 238

14.4 The Magnitude of the Problem 239

14.5 The Impact of 9/11 240

14.6 The Rail Sector 246

14.7 Highways 252

14.8 Conclusions 258

Bibliography 259

Web Sites 261

15 Security of Hazmat Transports in Iran 263
Amir Saman Kheirkhah

15.1 Introduction 263

15.2 Overview of the Current Status 264

15.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran s Transportation System 267

15.4 Safety and Security Strategies 268

15.5 Discussion 270

15.6 Conclusions 272

Bibliography 272

16 Conclusions and Recommendations 273
Genserik Reniers and Luca Zamparini

16.1 Unimodal and Multimodal Transportation Put into Perspective 274

16.2 A Country–Wise Comparative Study 275

16.3 A Look into the Future: Sustainable Multimodality 275

Index 277

Genserik Reniers obtained a Master?s degree in chemical engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and received his PhD in Applied Economic Sciences from the University of Antwerp, both in Belgium. He lectures amongst others in chemistry, organic chemistry, chemical
process technology, and technological risk management at the University of Antwerp. At the Hogeschool Universiteit (HUB) in Brussels he lectures as a Tenured Professor in prevention management, advanced occupational health and safety management and industrial processes.
His main research interests concern the collaboration surrounding safety and security topics and socio–economic optimization within the chemical industry. He coordinates the Antwerp Research Group on Safety and Security, unifying multi–disciplinary safety and security
research at the University of Antwerp. He serves as an Associate Editor for the internationally renowned Journals Safety Science and Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries.

Luca Zamparini obtained a Master of Science in Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science and a PhD in
Economics and Institutions at the University of Bologna. He is currently Associate Professor of Economics at the Faculty of Social, Political
and Regional Studies of the University of Salento. He is also Tenured Professor of International Organizations and Development and coordinator of the course in Development and Transport Infrastructures for the Master in Development, Innovation and Change organized by the University of Bologna. Transport Economics is his main research field, with a particular specialization in the economic estimation of transport qualitative attributes and in transport security. He has taught Economics of Transport and Logistics for the Master in Law and
Economics of Transport and Logistics at the University of Bologna.