Testing Adhesive Joints: Best Practices

Joining techniques such as welding, brazing, riveting and screwing are used by industry all over the world on a daily basis. A further method of joining has also proven to be highly successful: adhesive bonding. Adhesive bonding technology has an extremely broad range of applications. And it is difficult to imagine a product – in the home, in industry, in transportation, or anywhere else for that matter – that does not use adhesives or sealants in some manner. The book focuses on the methodology used for fabricating and testing adhesive and bonded joint specimens. The text covers a wide range of test methods that are used in the field of adhesives, providing vital information for dealing with the range of adhesive properties that are of interest to the adhesive community. With contributions from many experts in the field, the entire breadth of industrial laboratory examples, utilizing different best practice techniques are discussed. The core concept of the book is to provide essential information vital for producing and characterizing adhesives and adhesively bonded joints.

About the Editors XXI List of Contributors XXIII 1 Manufacture of Quality Specimens 1 1.1 Preparing Bulk Specimens by Hydrostatic Pressure 1 Lucas F.M. da Silva 1.2 Preparing Bulk Specimens by Injection 8 Stefanos Giannis 1.3 Preparing Bulk Specimens by Pouring 12 Robert D. Adams 1.4 Preparing Lap Joints with Flat Adherends 15 Lucas F.M. da Silva 1.5 SimpleMethods for the Preparation of Single Lap Joints Specimens 22 Edoardo Nicoli 1.6 Preparing Thick Adherend Shear Test Specimens 26 Lucas F.M. da Silva 1.7 Modified Thick Adherend Shear Test 31 Jean–Yves Cognard and Romain Cr´eac’hcadec 1.8 Preparing Butt Joints 37 Lucas F.M. da Silva, Stefanos Giannis, and Robert D. Adams 1.9 Preparing Napkin Ring Specimens 42 Robert D. Adams 1.10 Preparing T Joint Specimens 46 Lucas F.M. da Silva and Robert D. Adams 1.11 Preparing Flexible–to–Rigid Peel Specimens 51 Stefanos Giannis 1.12 Preparing Specimens for Fracture Properties: Double Cantilever Beam and Tapered Double Cantilever Beam 55 Bamber R.K. Blackman 1.13 Preparing Bonded Wood Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) Specimens 63 Hitendra K. Singh, Edoardo Nicoli, and Charles E. Frazier 1.14 Modified Arcan Test 69 Jean–Yves Cognard, Laurent Sohier, Bernard Gineste, and Romain Créac’hcadec References 76 2 Quasi–Static Constitutive and Strength Tests 79 2.1 Quasi–Static Testing of Bulk Tensile Specimens 79 Lucas F.M. da Silva 2.2 Uniaxial and Bulk Compression 85 Patricia Roumagnac and Patrick Heuillet 2.3 Quasi–Static Testing of Bulk Compression on Flat Specimens 93 Lucas F.M. da Silva 2.4 Iosipescu (V–Notched Beam) Test 97 Bruce Duncan 2.5 Arcan (V–Notched Plate) Test 104 Bruce Duncan 2.6 Quasi–Static Testing of Butt Joints in Tension 113 Gregory L. Anderson 2.7 Shear Properties of Adhesives Measured by Napkin Rings and Solid Butt Joints in Torsion 118 Robert D. Adams 2.8 Quasi–Static Testing of Thick Adherend Shear Test Specimens 125 Lucas F.M. da Silva 2.9 Modified Thick Adherend Shear Test 133 Jean–Yves Cognard and Romain Créac’hcadec 2.10 Quasi–Static Testing of Lap Joints 139 Lucas F.M. da Silva 2.11 Modified Arcan Test 147 Jean–Yves Cognard, Laurent Sohier, Bernard Gineste, and Romain Créac’hcadec 2.12 Pin–and–Collar Test Method 155 Juana Abenojar, Yolanda Ballesteros, Juan C. del Real, and Miguel A. Martinez References 160 3 Quasi–Static Fracture Tests 163 3.1 Measuring Bulk Fracture Toughness 163 Raymond A. Pearson 3.2 Quasi–Static Fracture Tests: Double Cantilever Beam and Tapered Double Cantilever Beam Testing 169 Bamber R.K. Blackman 3.3 End–Notched Flexure 177 Raul D.S.G. Campilho 3.4 Mode II Fracture Characterization of Bonded Joints Using the ELS Test 186 Marcelo F.S.F. de Moura and Nuno M.M. Dourado 3.5 The Notched Torsion Test to Determine the Mode III Fracture Properties of Adhesives 191 Robert D. Adams 3.6 Other Mixed Mode Adhesive Fracture Test Specimens 194 David A. Dillard 3.7 Compact Mixed Mode (CMM) Fracture Test Method 201 John H.L. Pang 3.8 Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) with a Reeder and Crews Fixture 212 Peter Davies 3.9 Mixed Mode Fracture Testing 216 Aboutaleb Ameli, Shahrokh Azari, Marcello Papini, and Jan K. Spelt 3.10 Fracture of Wood Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) Specimens 224 Edoardo Nicoli, Hitendra K. Singh, and Charles E. Frazier 3.11 The T–Peel Test 229 David A. Dillard 3.12 Peel Testing at 180◦ 244 Stefanos Giannis 3.13 The Floating Roller Peel Test 248 Robert D. Adams 3.14 Climbing Drum Peel Test 251 Keith B. Armstrong 3.15 The Analysis of Peel Tests 257 Neal Murphy and Luiz F. Kawashita References 266 4 Higher Rate and Impact Tests 273 4.1 Dynamic Elastic Modulus 273 Lucas F.M. da Silva and Robert D. Adams 4.2 The Pendulum Impact Test for Adhesives and Adhesive Joints 280 Robert D. Adams 4.3 Higher Rate and Impact Tests: Fracture at High Rates 284 Bamber R.K. Blackman 4.4 High–Strain–Rate Testing of Adhesive Specimens and Joints by Hopkinson Bar Technique 289 Luca Goglio and Marco Peroni 4.5 Clamped Hopkinson Bar 297 Chiaki Sato 4.6 Testing of Adhesive Bonds under Peel and Shear Loads at Increased Velocities 309 Klaus Dilger, Michael Frauenhofer, and Stefan Kreling References 316 5 Durability 319 5.1 Measurement of the Diffusion Coefficient 319 Stefanos Giannis 5.2 Tests with Moisture 323 Peter Davies 5.3 Durability Testing Using Open–Faced Specimens 328 Aboutaleb Ameli, Naresh Varma Datla, Shahrokh Azari, Marcello Papini, and Jan K. Spelt 5.4 Tests with Temperature 335 Paul Ludwig Geiss 5.5 The Wedge Test 343 Jacques Cognard 5.6 Fatigue 351 Erol Sancaktar 5.7 Mixed–Mode Fatigue Testing of Adhesive Joints 369 Shahrokh Azari, Aboutaleb Ameli, Marcello Papini, and Jan K. Spelt 5.8 Measurement of Time–Dependent Crack Growth 375 Jan K. Spelt 5.9 Curvature Mismatch Fracture Test for Subcritical Debonding 379 David A. Dillard 6 Other Test Methods 389 6.1 Thermal Characterization 389 John Comyn 6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis with a Vibrating Beam Method 395 Lucas F.M. da Silva and Robert D. Adams 6.3 Bimaterial Curvature Method for Residual Stress and Thermal Expansion Coefficient Determination 402 David A. Dillard and Yongqiang Li 6.4 The Pull–Off Test 409 David A. Dillard 6.5 Shaft–Loaded Blister Test 414 Masoud Khabiry and Kai–tak Wan 6.6 Tests under Hydrostatic Pressure 419 Peter Davies References 423 Index 427

Lucas F.M. da Silva is Assistant Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP). David A. Dillard is the Adhesive and Sealant Science Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech. Bamber R.K. Blackman holds a lectureship in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Imperial College London where he is also Deputy Director of Research. Robert D. Adams is an Emeritus Professor of Applied Mechanics at the University of Bristol and a Visiting Professor of the University of Oxford.