Nitroxides: Applications in Chemistry, Biomedicine, and Materials Science

The main objective of this volume is to provide readers with comprehensive discussions of recent results obtained in the field of nitroxides and related compounds and to present readers with in–depth analysis of avenues for future developments in this growing area.
Written by a group of long–proven experts in chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics of nitroxides, this book lays out theoretical and experimental basis and applies it to a variety of practical examples in these diverse but interrelated fields. The first four chapters expound the general theoretical and experimental essentials of nitroxide bulk magnetic and magnetic resonance properties as well as advantages of modern ESR techniques.
Chapter 5 focuses on fundamentals and recent results in chemical synthesis and basic chemical properties of nitroxides, while the following two chapters briefly outline the principles and current results in employing these compounds for investigating molecular structure and dynamics, and as redox probes and spin traps. These chapters form the basis for subsequent and more detailed discussion of molecular property studies of various paramagnetic metal systems. The following chapters concentrate on advantages of designing and investigating magnetic materials on the basis of nitroxides as well as reviewing recent spin labeling results in studies of molecular structure, dynamics and functional activity of proteins, enzymes, biomembranes, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Finally, concluding chapter considers rapidly developing fields of biomedical, therapeutic and clinical applications of nitroxides.
With numerous references to essential literature, this volume provides chemical, biochemical, biomedical and materials science researchers with a tool to rapidly gain fundamental knowledge in instrumentation, data interpretation, capacity and recent advantages of nitroxide applications, and take them to the level of employing nitroxide in t heir research fields on their own. The book is equally suitable as a subsidiary text for instructors, and graduate and undergraduate students in biochemical and chemical departments.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Symbols and Abbreviations.
1 Fundamentals of Magnetism (Jun Yamauchi).
1.1 Magnetism of Materials.
1.2 Origins of Magnetism.
1.3 Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility.
1.4 Experimental Magnetic Data Acquisition.
2 Molecular Magnetism (Jun Yamauchi).
2.1 Magnetic Origins from Atoms and Molecules.
2.2 Characteristics of Molecular Magnetism.
2.3 Nitroxide as a Building Block.
2.4 Low–Dimensional Properties of Nitroxides.
3 Fundamentals of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) (Jun Yamauchi).
3.1 Magnetic Resonance of Electron and Nuclear Spins.
3.2 Principle of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR).
3.3 Anisotropic Parameters in Crystal.
3.4 Pulsed ESR.
3.5 Double Resonance.
3.6 ESR of Magnetic Materials.
4 Recent Advantages in ESR Techniques Used in Nitroxide Applications (Alex I. Smirnov).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Macromolecular Distance Constraints from Spin–Labeling Magnetic Resonance Experiments.
4.3 Multiquantum ESR.
4.4 Spin–Labeling ESR of Macroscopically Aligned Lipid Bilayers and Membrane Proteins.
4.5 Spin–labeling ESR at High Magnetic Fields.
5 Preparations, Reactions, and Properties of Functional Nitroxide Radicals (Shin’ichi Nakatsuji).
5.1 Short Historical Survey and General Preparative Methods of NRs.
5.2 Early Progress toward FNRs for Organic Magnetic Materials.
5.3 Organic Ferromagnets Based on NRs.
5.4 Charge–Transfer Complexes/Radical Ion Salts Based on NR.
5.5 Donors and Acceptors Carrying NRs and the Derived CT Complexes/Radical Salts.
5.6 Suprampolecular Spin Systems Carrying NRs.
5.7 Photochromic Spin Systems Carryin g NRs.
5.8 FNRs for Biomedicinal Applications.
5.9 Functional Nitrones.
5.10 Conclusion.
6 Nitroxide Spin Probes for Studies of Molecular Dynamics and Microstructure (Gertz I. Likhtenshtein).
6.1 Nitroxide Molecular Dynamics.
6.2 The Spin Label–Spin Probe Methods.
6.3 Spin Oximetry.
6.4 Determination of the Immersion Depth of Radical and Flourescent Centers.
6.5 Nitroxide as Polarity Probes.
6.6 Electrostatic Effects in Molecules in Solutions.
6.7 Spin–Triplet–Fluorescence–Photochrome Method.
6.8 Dual Fluorophore–Nitroxide as Molecular Dynamics Probes.
6.9 Nitroxide Spin pH Probes.
6.10 Nitroxides as Spin Probes for SH Groups.
7 Nitroxide Redox Probes and Traps, Nitron Spin Traps (Gertz I. Likhtenshtein).
7.1 Nitroxide Redox Probes.
7.2 Nitron Spin Trapping.
7.3 Dual Fluorophore–Nitroxides (FNRO·) as Redox Sensors and Spin Traps.
8 Nitroxides in Physicochemistry (Gertz I. Likhtenshtein).
8.1 Polymers.
8.2 Nitroxides in Photochemistry and Photophysics.
8.3 Complexes Transition Metals with Nitroxide Ligands.
8.4 Nitroxides in Inorganic Chemistry.
9 Organic Functional Materials Containing Chiral Nitroxide Radical Units (Rui Tamura).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Synthesis and Structure of Chiral NRs.
9.3 Magnetic Properties of Chiral NRs in the Solid State.
9.4 Properties of Chiral NRs in the Liquid Crystalline State.
9.5 Application of Redox Properties of NRs.
9.6 Conclusion.
References.
10 Spin Labeling in Biochemistry and Biophysics (Gertz I. Likhtenshtein).
10.1 Proteins and Enzymes.
10.2 Biomembranes.
10.3 Nucleic Acids.
10.4 Polysacchrides and Dextrins.
References.
11 Biomedical and Medical Applications of Nitroxides (Gertz I. Likhtenshtein).
11.1 Cells and Tissues. Biomedical Aspects.
11.2 Nitroxides In Vivo.
11.3 Medi cal Application of Nitroxides.
11.4 Areas Related to Future Development of Nitroxide Applications in Biomedicine.
References.
12 Conclusion.
Index.

Nota biograficzna:
Gertz Likhtenshtein has been full Professor at the Ben–Gurion University of Negev (Israel) and emerited 2003. Among his many awards are the Medal of the Exhibition of Economic Achievement, the Diploma of Discovery, the USSR State Price and the Diploma of the Israel Chemical Society. He is a member of the International ESR Society, the American Biophysical Society, the Israel Chemical Society and the Israel ESR Society.
Jun Yamauchi has emerited as full Professor from Kyoto University in 2006. He is a member of the Chemical Society of Japan, and the Society of Electron Spin Science and Technology.
Shin′ichi Nakatsuji is Professor of Organic and Materials Chemistry at the University of Hyogo. His major research topics are novel electron systems, Dye chemistry, organic magnetic materials and organic conductors. He is a member of the GDCh, ACS, and Chemical Society of Japan.
Rui Tamura is Professor at Kyoto University. His research areas include structural organic chemistry, physical organic chemistry and environmental chemistry, i.e. synthesis and reaction of nitro compounds and nitroxides.

Okładka tylna:
The main objective of this volume is to provide readers with comprehensive discussions of recent results obtained in the field of nitroxides and related compounds and to present readers with in–depth analysis of avenues for future developments in this growing area.
Written by a group of long–proven experts in chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics of nitroxides, this book lays out theoretical and experimental basis and applies it to a variety of practical examples in these diverse but interrelated fields. The first four chapters expound the general theoreti cal and experimental essentials of nitroxide bulk magnetic and magnetic resonance properties as well as advantages of modern ESR techniques.
Chapter 5 focuses on fundamentals and recent results in chemical synthesis and basic chemical properties of nitroxides, while the following two chapters briefly outline the principles and current results in employing these compounds for investigating molecular structure and dynamics, and as redox probes and spin traps. These chapters form the basis for subsequent and more detailed discussion of molecular property studies of various paramagnetic metal systems. The following chapters concentrate on advantages of designing and investigating magnetic materials on the basis of nitroxides as well as reviewing recent spin labeling results in studies of molecular structure, dynamics and functional activity of proteins, enzymes, biomembranes, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Finally, concluding chapter considers rapidly developing fields of biomedical, therapeutic and clinical applications of nitroxides.
With numerous references to essential literature, this volume provides chemical, biochemical, biomedical and materials science researchers with a tool to rapidly gain fundamental knowledge in instrumentation, data interpretation, capacity and recent advantages of nitroxide applications, and take them to the level of employing nitroxide in their research fields on their own. The book is equally suitable as a subsidiary text for instructors, and graduate and undergraduate students in biochemical and chemical departments.