Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Hybrid materials consist of both organic and inorganic components. They may offer a desired functionality or superior characteristics compared to their building blocks or other, simpler materials if the components are well chosen. Such materials are currently having a great impact on numerous future developments, including nanotechnology.
Filling the gap for a compact text that presents the topic from a general point of view while adopting a didactic approach, this book is an overview of the different types of materials, clearly structured into synthesis, characterization and applications. As such, it represents a perfect introduction for the scientist starting in the field, while also being an invaluable source of high quality information for the expert.
For materials scientists, as well as inorganic, solid state, organic and polymer chemists.

Spis treści:
1 Introduction to Hybrid Materials (Guido Kickelbick).
1.1 Introduction.
1.1.1 Natural Origins.
1.1.2 The Development of Hybrid Materials.
1.1.3 De.nition: Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites.
1.1.4 Advantages of Combining Inorganic and Organic Species in One Material.
1.1.5 Interface–determined Materials.
1.1.6 The Role of the Interaction Mechanisms.
1.2 Synthetic Strategies towards Hybrid Materials.
1.2.1 In situ Formation of Inorganic Materials.
1.2.1.1 Sol–Gel Process.
1.2.1.2 Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Process.
1.2.1.3 Sol–Gel Reactions of Non–Silicates.
1.2.1.4 Hybrid Materials by the Sol–Gel Process.
1.2.1.5 Hybrid Materials Derived by Combining the Sol–Gel Approach and Organic Polymers.
1.2.2 Formation of Organic Polymers in Presence of Preformed Inorganic Materials.
1.2.3 Hybrid Materials by Simultaneous Formation of Both Components.
1.2.4 Building Block Approach.
1.2.4.1 Inorganic Building Blocks.
1.2.4.2 Organic Building Blocks.
1.3 Structural Engineering.
1.4 P roperties and Applications.
1.5 Characterization of Materials.
1.6 Summary.
2 Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles (Walter Caseri).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Consequences of Very Small Particle Sizes.
2.3 Historical Reports on Inorganic Nanoparticles and Polymer Nanocomposites.
2.4 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites.
2.4.1 Mixing of Dispersed Particles with Polymers in Liquids.
2.4.2 Mixing of Particles with Monomers Followed by Polymerization.
2.4.3 Nanocomposite Formation by means of Molten or Solid Polymers.
2.4.4 Concomitant Formation of Particles and Polymers.
2.5 Properties and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites.
2.5.1 Properties.
2.5.2 Applications.
2.5.2.1 Catalysts.
2.5.2.2 Gas Sensors.
2.5.2.3 Materials with Improved Flame Retardance.
2.5.2.4 Optical Filters.
2.5.2.5 Dichroic Materials.
2.5.2.6 High and Low Refractive Index Materials.
2.6 Summary.
3 Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Particles (Elodie Bourgeat–Lami).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Methods for creating Particles.
3.2.1 Polymer Particles.
3.2.1.1 Oil–in–water Suspension Polymerization.
3.2.1.2 Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerizations.
3.2.1.3 Oil–in–water Emulsion Polymerization.
3.2.1.4 Oil–in–water Miniemulsion Polymerization.
3.2.1.5 Oil–in–water Microemulsion Polymerization.
3.2.2 Vesicles, Assemblies and Dendrimers.
3.2.2.1 Vesicles.
3.2.2.2 Block Copolymer Assemblies.
3.2.2.3 Dendrimers.
3.2.3 Inorganic Particles.
3.2.3.1 Metal Oxide Particles.
3.2.3.2 Metallic Particles.
3.2.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles.
3.2.3.4 Synthesis in Microemulsion.
3.3 Hybrid Nanoparticles Obtained Through Self–assembly Techniques.
3.3.1 Electrostatically Driven Self–assembly.
3.3.1.1 Heterocoagulation.
3.3.1.2 Layer–by–layer Assembly.
3.3.2 Molecular Recognition Assembl y.
3.4 O/I Nanoparticles Obtained by in situ Polymerization Techniques.
3.4.1 Polymerizations Performed in the Presence of Preformed Mineral Particles.
3.4.1.1 Surface Modi.cation of Inorganic Particles.
3.4.1.2 Polymerizations in Multiphase Systems.
3.4.1.3 Surface–initiated Polymerizations.
3.4.2 In situ Formation of Minerals in the Presence of Polymer Colloids.
3.4.2.1 Polymer Particles Templating.
3.4.2.2 Block Copolymers, Dendrimers and Microgels Templating.
3.5 Hybrid Particles Obtained by Simultaneously Reacting Organic Monomers and Mineral Precursors.
3.5.1 Poly(organosiloxane/vinylic) Copolymer Hybrids.
3.5.2 Polyorganosiloxane Colloids.
3.6 Conclusion.
4 Intercalation Compounds and Clay Nanocomposites (Jin Zhu and Charles A. Wilkie).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Polymer Lamellar Material Nanocomposites.
4.2.1 Types of Lamellar Nano–additives.
4.2.2 Montmorillonite Layer Structure.
4.2.3 Modi.cation of Clay.
4.3 Nanostructures and Characterization.
4.3.1 X–ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy to Probe Morphology.
4.3.2 Other Techniques to Probe Morphology.
4.4 Preparation of Polymer–clay Nanocomposites.
4.4.1 Solution Mixing.
4.4.2 Polymerization.
4.4.3 Melt Compounding.
4.5 Polymer–graphite and Polymer Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites.
4.5.1 Nanocomposites Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Salts.
4.6 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites.
4.7 Potential Applications.
4.8 Conclusion and Prospects for the Future.
5 Porous Hybrid Materials (Nicola Hüsing).
5.1 General Introduction and Historical Development.
5.1.1 De.nition of Terms.
5.1.2 Porous (Hybrid) Matrices.
5.1.2.1 Microporous Materials: Zeolites.
5.1.2.2 Mesoporous Materials: M41S and FSM Materials.
5.1.2.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs).
5.2 General Routes towards Hybrid Materials.
5.2.1 PostR 11;synthesis Modi.cation of the Final Dried Porous Product by Gaseous, Liquid or Dissolved Organic or Organometallic Species.
5.2.2 Liquid–phase Modi.cation in the Wet Nanocomposite Stage or – for Mesostructured Materials and Zeolites – Prior to Removal of the Template.
5.2.3 Addition of Molecular, but Nonreactive Compounds to the Precursor Solution.
5.2.4 Co–condensation Reactions by the use of Organically–substituted Coprecursors.
5.2.5 The Organic Entity as an Integral Part of the Porous Framework.
5.3 Classi.cation of Porous Hybrid Materials by the Type of Interaction.
5.3.1 Incorporation of Organic Functions Without Covalent Attachment to the Porous Host.
5.3.1.1 Doping with Small Molecules.
5.3.1.2 Doping with Polymeric Species.
5.3.1.3 Incorporation of Biomolecules.
5.3.2 Incorporation of Organic Functions with Covalent Attachment to the Porous Host.
5.3.2.1 Grafting Reactions.
5.3.2.2 Co–condensation Reactions.
5.3.3 The Organic Function as an Integral Part of the Porous Network Structure.
5.3.3.1 ZOL and PMO: Zeolites with Organic Groups as Lattice and Periodically Mesostructured Organosilicas.
5.3.3.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks.
5.4 Applications and Properties of Porous Hybrid Materials.
6 Sol–Gel Processing of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Materials Based on Polysilsesquioxanes (Douglas A. Loy).
6.1 Introduction.
6.1.1 De.nition of Terms.
6.2 Forming Polysilsesquioxanes.
6.2.1 Hydrolysis and Condensation Chemistry.
6.2.2 Alternative Polymerization Chemistries.
6.2.3 Characterizing Silsesquioxane Sol–Gels with NMR.
6.2.4 Cyclization in Polysilsesquioxanes.
6.3 Type I Structures: Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS).
6.3.1 Homogenously Functionalized POSS.
6.3.2 Stability of Siloxane Bonds in Silsesquioxanes.
6.4 Type II Structures: Amorphous Oligo– and Polysilsesquioxanes.
6.4.1 Gelation of Polys