Urban Biodiversity and Design

With the continual growth of the world′s urban population, biodiversity in towns and cities will play a critical role in global biodiversity. This is the first book to provide an overview of international developments in urban biodiversity and sustainable design. It brings together the views, experiences and expertise of leading scientists and designers from the industrialised and pre–industrialised countries from around the world. The contributors explore the biological, cultural and social values of urban biodiversity, including methods for assessing and evaluating urban biodiversity, social and educational issues, and practical measures for restoring and maintaining biodiversity in urban areas. Contributions come from presenters at an international scientific conference held in Erfurt, Germany 2008 during the 9th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biodiversity.

Contributors ix

Foreword xv

Preface xvii

Introduction 1

1 Urban Biodiversity and the Case for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Towns and Cities 3
Norbert Müller and Peter Werner

Fundamentals of Urban Biodiversity 35

2 Biodiversity of Urban–Industrial Areas and its Evaluation a Critical Review 37
Rüdiger Wittig

3 Cultural Aspects of Urban Biodiversity 56
Andy Millard

4 Social Aspects of Urban Biodiversity an Overview 81
Sarel Cilliers

5 Urban Biodiversity and Climate Change 101
David J. Nowak

6 Design and Future of Urban Biodiversity 118
Maria Ignatieva

7 Urban Patterns and Biological Diversity: A Review 145
Peter Werner and Rudolf Zahner

History and Development of Urban Biodiversity 175

8 Urban Flora: Historic, Contemporary and Future Trends 177
Philip James

9 Environmental History and Urban Colonizations from an Avian Perspective 191
Timo Vuorisalo

10 Constraints of Urbanization on Vegetation Dynamics in a Growing City: A Chronological Framework in Rennes (France) 206
Vincent Pellissier, Françoise Roze and Phillipe Clergeau

11 Most Frequently Occurring Vascular Plants and the Role of Non–native Species in Urban Areas a Comparison of Selected Cities in the Old and the New Worlds 227
Norbert Müller

12 Factors Influencing Non–Native Tree Species Distribution in Urban Landscapes 243
Wayne C. Zipperer

Analysis and Evaluation of Biodiversity in Cities 253

13 Towards an Automated Update of Urban Biotope Maps Using Remote Sensing Data: What is Possible? 255
Mathias Bochow, Theres Peisker, Sigrid Roessner, Karl Segl and Hermann Kaufmann

14 Analysis of the Planted and Spontaneous Vegetation at Selected Open Spaces in Apipucos District of Recife, Brazil 273
Dietmar Sattler, Simone Schmidt and Marccus Vinicius da Silva Alves

15 Multivariate Approaches to the Study of Urban Biodiversity and Vegetation: An Example from a Southern Temperate Colonial City, Christchurch, New Zealand 291
Glenn H. Stewart, Maria Ignatieva and Colin D. Meurk

16 The Biodiversity of Historic Domestic Gardens A Study in the Wilhelminian Quarter of Erfurt (Germany) 309
Norbert Müller

17 Old Masonry Walls as Ruderal Habitats for Biodiversity Conservation and Enhancement in Urban Hong Kong 323
C.Y. Jim

18 Green Roofs Urban Habitats for Ground–Nesting Birds and Plants 348
Nathalie Baumann and Friederike Kasten

19 South Atlantic Tourist Resorts: Predictors for Changes Induced by Afforestation 363
Ana Faggi, Pablo Perepelizin and Jose R. Dadon

Social Integration and Education for Biodiversity 381

20 Urban Green Spaces: Natural and Accessible? The Case of Greater Manchester, UK 383
Aleksandra Kázmierczak, Richard Armitage and Philip James

21 UrbanWastelands A Chance for Biodiversity in Cities? Ecological Aspects, Social Perceptions and Acceptance of Wilderness by Residents 406
Juliane Mathey and Dieter Rink

22 Perception of Biodiversity The Impact of School Gardening 425
Dorothee Benkowitz and Karlheinz Köhler

23 Landscape Design and Children s Participation in a Japanese Primary School Planning Process of School Biotope for 5 Years 441
Keitaro Ito, Ingunn Fjortoft, Tohru Manabe, Kentaro Masuda, Mahito Kamada and Katsunori Fujiwara

24 Attracting Interest in Urban Biodiversity with Bird Studies in Italy 454
Marco Dinetti

25 Allotment Gardens as Part of Urban Green Infrastructure: Actual Trends and Perspectives in Central Europe 463
Jürgen H. Breuste

Conservation, Restoration and Design for Biodiversity 477

26 Integration ofNatural Vegetation in Urban Design Information, Personal Determination and Commitment 479
Clas Florgård

27 Prospects of Biodiversity in the Mega–City of Karachi, Pakistan: Potentials, Constraints and Implications 497
Salman Qureshi and Jürgen H. Breuste

28 Potential of Biodiversity and Recreation in Shrinking Cities: Contextualization and Operationalization 518
Dagmar Haase and Sophie Schetke

29 Near–Natural Restoration Strategies in Post–mining Landscapes 539
Anita Kirmer and Sabine Tischew

30 Restoration and Design of Calcareous Grasslands in Urban and Suburban Areas: Examples from the Munich Plain 556
Christine Joas, Johannes Gnädinger, Klaus Wiesinger, Rüdiger Haase and Kathrin Kiehl

31 Contribution of Landscape Design to Changing Urban Climate Conditions 572
Katrin Hagen and Richard Stiles

32 Economics and the Convention on Biodiversity: Financial Incentives for Encouraging Biodiversity in Nagoya 593
Ryo Kohsaka

Conclusions 608
Norbert Müller, Peter Werner and John G. Kelcey

Index 611