Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe

Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe is a key resource on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in European wildlife that covers the distinctive nature of diseases as they occur in Europe, including strains, insect vectors, reservoir species, and climate, as well as geographical distribution of the diseases and European regulations for reporting, diagnosis and control. Divided into sections on viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal and yeast infections, and prion infections, this definitive reference provides valuable information on disease classification and properties, causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and implications for human, domestic and wild animal health. Key features: • Brings together extensive research from many different disciplines into one integrated and highly useful definitive reference. • Zoonotic risks to human health, as well as risks to pets and livestock are highlighted. • Each disease is covered separately with practical information on the animal species in which the disease has been recorded, clinical signs of the disease, diagnostic methods, and recommended treatments and vaccination. • Wildlife vaccination and disease surveillance techniques are described. • Examines factors important in the spread of disease such as changing climate, the movement of animals through trade, and relaxations in the control of wide animal populations. Written by a team of pathologists, epidemiologists and clinicians from across Europe,. This is the definitive resource to infectious diseases of wild mammals and birds in Europe. It will be an invaluable reference for veterinarians, conservation biologists, epidemiologists, and wildlife researchers, managers, rehabilitators and students.

Notes on Contributors  vii Preface  xi Cover Image Acknowledgements  xiii Acknowledgements  xiv Section 1 Viral Infections  1 1. Herpesvirus Infections  3 2. Influenza Virus Infections 37 3. Avian Paramyxovirus Infections  59 4. Circovirus Infections 67 5. Calicivirus Infections  73 6. Lyssavirus Infections  86 7. Morbillivirus Infections  99 8. Orbivirus Infections  119 9. Flavivirus Infections  128 10. Pestivirus Infections  146 11. Picornavirus Infections  168 12. Parvovirus Infections  181 13. Poxvirus Infections  191 14. Adenovirus Infections  210 15. Retrovirus Infections  219 16. Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus Infections  225 17. Coronavirus Infections  234 18. Bunyavirus Infections  241 19. Other Virus Infections  249 Section 2 Bacterial Infections  263 20. Mycobacteria Infections  265 21. Yersinia Infections 293 22. Tularaemia  303 23. Pasteurella Infections  310 24. Brucellosis  318 25. Anthrax  329 26. Chlamydiaceae Infections  336 27. Borrelia Infections  345 28. Rickettsiales Infections  363 29. Mycoplasma Infections  372 30. Escherichia Infections 381 31. Salmonella Infections  386 32. Campylobacter Infections 398 33. Leptospira Infections  402 34. Coxiella burnetii Infection  409 35. Listeria Infections  413 36. Clostridium Species and Botulism  417 37. Other Bacterial Infections  428 Section 3 Fungal and Yeast Infections  453 38. Aspergillosis  455 39. Yeast Infections  462 40. Other Fungal Infections  466 41. Harmful Algal Blooms including Cyanobacterial Toxicosis 476 42. Mycotoxicosis  482 Section 4 Prion Infections  487 43. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies  489 Section 5 Appendices 497 Appendix 1. Some Wildlife Related Emerging Diseases (WiREDS) in Europe  499 Appendix 2. Selected Zoonotic Pathogens with European Wildlife Reservoirs/Hosts  501 Appendix 3. Selected Socio–Economically Important Wildlife Related Pathogens and Diseases in Europe  503 Appendix 4. Wildlife Pathogens with Arthropod Vectors 505 Appendix 5. Pathogens Suspected of Causing Wild Population Declines, or of Conservation Importance  506 Appendix 6. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Mammals  507 Appendix 7. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Birds 509 Appendix 8. Species (Family)–Specific Wildlife Diseases in Europe  511 Subject Index  513

Dolores Gavier–Widén, DVM, MS, PhD , Associate Professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Deputy Head of Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden. Dolores is the president of the Wildlife Disease Association (WDA) (2012–2013) and past–president (2006–2008) of the European Section of WDA (EWDA). She is reviewer for many journals, and has written book chapters and many scientific papers. Dolores has worked on wildlife disease research internationally, in particular on tuberculosis, calicivirus infection of leporids, prion diseases, and on the ongoing EU project "Novel technologies for surveillance of emerging and re–emerging infections of wildlife". She is consultant for EFSA, EC, research agencies and veterinary and public health organisations. She has worked on wildlife pathology and diagnostics of infectious diseases of free–ranging and farmed wild mammals and birds for more than 20 years. J. Paul Duff, BSc (zool), MVB, MSc, MRCVS , is based at AHVLA, Penrith, Cumbria, UK. Paul is the past–president of the EWDA (2009–2010) and a past Council member of the British Veterinary Zoological Society. He is a veterinary surgeon and zoologist who has worked for more than 20 years investigating disease in wild animals, exotic animals and livestock. Since 1998, he has been the project leader for the AHVLA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLADoWS). This is the first government funded scheme for the investigation and surveillance of wildlife diseases in England and Wales. Since 1995, editor of the OIE Annual Report, ‘Wildlife Diseases in the UK′ which officially summarises wildlife disease reported in the UK each year for the Office International d′Epizooties (the World Animal Health Association). He is project leader, with Dolores Gavier–Widén, for the EU sponsored ‘Wildlife related emerging diseases and zoonoses′, Special Interest Group. Anna Meredith MA VetMB PhD CertLAS DZooMed MRCVS, RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , Head of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, UK. Anna has extensive publication and book editing experience in the exotic animal and wildlife field, as well as being actively involved in many areas of ongoing wildlife research, including red squirrel and osprey surveillance in Scotland, and is currently carrying out full time DEFRA– funded research into emerging diseases in UK wildlife. She is a past president of the British Veterinary Zoological Society and a member of EWDA and EAZWV. She teaches wildlife medicine to veterinarians at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.

This book provides the scientific community working with free–living wildlife a comprehensive resource on the diseases affecting these animals in Europe.  However, it is also a useful resource for wildlife professionals globally as much of the information is applicable regardless of location."  ( Doody′s , 2 August 2013) “I have already learned lots while reviewing it, and I would thoroughly recommend this to be on the bookshelf of any vet or biologist with a significant interest in wildlife, conservation or zoological medicine.  In addition, it is also available in electronic format for approximately two–thirds the price, representing not only good value, but also an ideal format for taking into the field where it would be extremely useful.”  ( Veterinary Record , 23 March 2013) “Dolores Gavier–Widen, J. Paul Duff & Anna Meredith edit INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN EUROPE (9781405199056, $169.99), a key title covering the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in European wildlife, and is a recommended pick for any specialty collection strong in veterinary experiences around the world. From risks to human health and livestock and pets to how diseases spread in the wild, wildlife vaccination and disease surveillance techniques, and classification, this is written by clinicians and pathologists from across Europe and assembles a powerful technical compendium of details for vets, conservation biologists, and wildlife researchers alike.”  ( Midwest Book Review , 1 March 2013)