Normal Binocular Vision: Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects

Spis treści:
1: INTRODUCTION TO BINOCULAR VISION.


The end product of binocular vision
The requirements of binocular vision
Visual Direction
Interocular integration – retinal correspondence
The Vieth–Muller Circle and binocular disparity.
2: DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION.


Animal eyes
Variations in visual pathway types
Inborn and learned reflexes in vision
Visual maturation and monocular occlusion
Children’s binocular vision development
The development of spatial vision – visual acuity
The development of spatial vision – contrast sensitivity
The development of head–eye motor coordination
Vergence and fixation disparity development
Saccadic system development
Smooth pursuit system development
The development of optokinetic nystagmus.
3: BINOSULAR SUMMATION.


Binocular summation models
Binocular brightness averaging and bias towards the dominant eye
Fatigue induced visual illusions
Dichoptic visual masking.
4: FUSION.


The requirements for the binocular fusion system
Motor binocular fusion
Sensory binocular fusion
Retinal correspondence
Fixation disparity
Panum’s fusional area
Fusion and vergence
Anomalies of motor fusion
Development of normal and abnormal retinal correspondence (NRC and ARC).
5: DIPLOPIA AND CONFUSION, SUPPRESSION AND RIVALRY.


Physiological diplopia
Pathological diplopia
Binocular confusion
Physiological suppression
The characteristics of a suppression zone
The neural control of su ppression
Abnormal suppression
Binocular rivalry
Visual stimulus threshold in suppression and rivalry
The neural control of binocular rivalry
Binocular lustre.
6: THE NORMAL HOROPTER.


Introduction
Types of horopter
The geometric horopter
Measurements of the frontoparallel plane horopter
Measurement of the identical visual directions (Nonius) horopter
The haplopia (singleness) horopter
The horopter of zero vengeance (synonym: zero fusion horopter)
Maximum stereo sensitivity horopter
The shape of the horizontal horopter in normal binocular vision
Adaptation of the horopter
The horopter and the anisoeikonia
Measurement of anisoeikonia
Curvature and tilting of the horopter.
7: ANATOMY OF THE EXTRINSIC OR EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES (EOM).


Movement and the EOM
Origins and insertions
Pulley–sleeves
Main muscle fibre structures
Neural control of eye movements.
8: OCULOMOTOR CONTROL.


Clinical measurement of vergence status
Neurological control of eye movement
Types of eye movement
Head and eye movements
Version movements
Pursuit eye movements
Hering’s Law
Donder’s Law/Listing’s Law Analysis of eye movements
The four oculomotor subsystems
Fusional movements in heterophoria
Fusional movements in heterotropia
Failure of the fusional reflex.
9: VISUAL RESPONSE TO NEAR OBJECTS.


Vergence movements for near fixation
Vergence and accommodation
Accomodative convergence to accommodation ratio
Graphical analysis of normal
Sheard’s and Percival’s criteria
Graphical analysis of abnormal AC/A ratios.
10: BINOCULAR INTEGRATION.


Receptive fields of the retina
Function of the optic chiasm
Function of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Receptive fields of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Receptive fields of cortical cells
Cortical integration of right and left retinal corresponding points
Binocular inhibition
Binocular disparity detection
Cortical area V2 disparity detection
Cortical areas V3, V5, MST and parietal cortex functions in binocular vision
Foveal and retinal medial plane dual representation in the visual cortex.
11: DEPTH PERCEPTION.


True stereopsis
Monocular perception of depth
Apparent depth perception: Psuedochromostereopsis
Induced depth perception: Temporal disparity
Classification of binocular depth perception
Anomalies of stereopsis processing
Important influences on stereopsis
Characteristics of stereopsis
Measurements of stereopsis
Stereopsis adjacent to Panum’s Space
Motor and sensory disparity
Binocular and Monocular depth perception
Depth assessment by apparent size
Constancy of shape
Constancy of size.
APPENDICES.
Multiple Choice Questions

Nota biograficzna:
Robert Fletcher is Emeritus Professor of Optometry and Visual Science at City University, London where he was Head of Department for 16 years. Professor Fletcher has written numerous books including: ‘Contact Lens Practice’ (Blackwell 1990), ‘Field of Vision’ and ‘Careers in Eye Care’ (Kogan Page)
David Stidwell owns his own private and NHS practice . He is also a visiting lecturer at the Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University. He is the Secretary and Editor of the newsletter for the Orthoptic and Binocular Vision Association; and Examiner for the Diploma in Contact Lens Practice, the Diploma in Orthoptics, the Scheme for Registration Final Assessment of the College of Optometrists and the Non–European Economic Area examination for registration within the United Kingdom for overseas practitioners. David Stidwell is author of ‘Orthoptic Assessment and Management’