Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective

Bilingual education has long been a controversial topic for communities, policy makers, and teachers. Misconceptions about what bilingualism itself is, and what bilingual education should do, have laid the groundwork for a wide range of policies that don′t always have a coherent vision for their students. In this wide–ranging and provocative book, García examines the history and current state of bilingual education programs throughout the world, offers a critical reading of the current conversations around them, and invites readers to imagine a new paradigm for the 21st century: one based on the idea of multilingual fluidity as a social and cultural imperative in a globalized world. García examines languages and bilingualism as individual and societal phenomena, presents program types, variables, and policies in bilingual education, and concludes by looking at practices, especially pedagogies and assessments. Questioning assumptions regarding language, bilingualism and bilingual education, this book proposes a new theoretical framework and alternative views of teaching and assessment practices.

List of Figures ix List of Tables x Preface and Acknowledgments (and a Caveat) xii Part I Bilingual Education for All 1 1 Introducing Bilingual Education 3 Scenarios 3 Introduction 5 What Is Bilingual Education? 5 Beneficiaries and Reasons 11 Geopolitics and Language Orientations 13 Summary 16 Conclusion 17 Part II Bilingualism and Education 19 2 Languaging and Education 21 Introduction 22 Language Constructions 23 Languaging 31 Conclusion 40 3 Bilingualism and Translanguaging 42 Introduction 43 Bilingualism and Translanguaging 44 Models of Bilingualism 51 Questioning Assumptions 56 Bilingual Abilities 61 Bilingual Development 63 Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Considerations 67 Conclusion 71 4 The Sociopolitics of Bilingualism 73 Introduction 73 Transglossia 75 Language Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization 80 Language Ideologies 82 Language Policy as Right and Resource 84 Conclusion 91 5 Benefits of Bilingualism 93 Introduction 94 Cognitive Advantages 94 Social Advantages 97 Intervening Factors 101 Conclusion 107 Part III Bilingual Education Policy 109 6 Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types 111 Introduction: The Social Context 112 Bilingual Education Models? 113 Bilingual Education Theoretical Frameworks 115 Bilingual Education Types 123 Conclusion 135 7 Bilingual Education: Factors and Variables 137 by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore Introduction 137 Situational Factor 138 Operational Factor 146 Outcome Factor 152 Integrating Situational, Operational, and Outcome Factors 156 Conclusion 157 8 U.S. Language Policy in Education 159 Introduction 159 The Past 160 The Present 174 Conclusion 193 9 Language Promotion by European Supra–national Institutions 197 by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore Introduction 197 The Council of Europe 198 The European Commission 204 Bilingual Education: CLIL/EMILE 208 Conclusion 216 10 Monoglossic Bilingual Education Policy 218 Introduction 219 Policies for Transition: Transitional Bilingual Education 221 Policies for Maintenance and Enrichment: Maintenance Bilingual Education 231 Policies for Enrichment of Social Elite: Prestigious Bilingual Education 236 Policy for Enrichment of Language Majorities: Immersion Bilingual Education 237 Conclusion 240 11 Heteroglossic Bilingual Education Policy 244 by Ofelia García and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, with contributions by Debra Cole and Zeena Zakharia Introduction 245 Policies for Language Revitalization: Immersion Revitalization Bilingual Education 247 Policies for Development of Minority Languages: Developmental Bilingual Education 251 Policy for Plurilingualism across Groups: Poly–Directional or Two–Way Bilingual Education (Dual Language) 257 Policies for Plurilingualism within Groups: CLIL and CLIL–Type Bilingual Education 264 Policies for Multiple Languages: Multiple Multilingual Education 266 Conclusion 280 Part IV Bilingual Education Practices 287 12 Bilingualism in the Curriculum 289 Introduction 289 Bilingual Allocation 290 Bilingual Arrangements 291 Bilingual Practices: Translanguaging 304 Models of Bilingual Teaching 308 Conclusion 309 13 Bilingual Education Pedagogy and Practices 312 Introduction 312 Bilingual Education Approaches and Methods 313 Principles and Practices of Bilingual Education Pedagogy 318 Strategies: Scaffolding 329 Conclusion 335 14 Biliteracy Practices and Pedagogy 337 Introduction 337 A Sociocultural Approach 338 The Continua of Biliteracy 340 Models of Biliteracy Use 342 Biliteracy Sequencing 344 Written Language and Texts 346 Instructional Approaches 351 The Biliteracy Workshop 354 Conclusion 364 15 Assessment of Bilinguals 366 by Ofelia García and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore Introduction 366 The Power of Assessment 367 Assessing Bilinguals 369 Democratic Assessment for Bilinguals 378 Conclusion 378 Part V Bilingual Education for the Twenty–first Century 381 Conclusion 383 Appendix: Myths and Realities 390 by Cristina Muir, Yesenia Morales, Lori Falchi, and Ofelia García Notes 395 Bibliography 410 Author Index 459 Subject Index 466

Ofelia García is Professor of Urban Education at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has been Professor of Bilingual Education at Columbia University′s Teachers College, and at The City College of New York; and has been Dean of the School of Education in the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. Among her publications are Imagining Multilingual Schools (with T. Skutnabb–Kangas and M. Torres–Guzmán), A Reader in Bilingual Education (with C. Baker), Language Loyalty, Continuity and Change: Joshua Fishman′s Contributions to International Sociolinguistics (with Rakhmiel Peltz and Harold Schiffman), and The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City (with J.A. Fishman). She is a Fellow of the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) in South Africa, and has been a Fulbright Scholar, and a Spencer Fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Education.

“Aside from the conceptual issues highlighted above, the detailed discussions of multilingual education policy alone make the book worth buying for scholars of language in education issues.”  ( Journal of Linguistic Anthropology , 10 April 2012) "It goes without saying that the book has merit in the field of bilingual education. It is not only a desirable material to have for all scholars interested in furthering their understanding of this area. Because of its comprehensive nature and its presentation of solid arguments, it is also an ideal text to use in graduate and undergraduate courses." (Applied Linguistics, 2011) "This book will become a classic in the bilingual education literature. It provides a comprehensive overview of bilingual education at the levels of philosophy, policy, provision and practice. It has international relevance, global understandings and is suitable for a worldwide readership." Colin Baker, Bangor University "Ofelia García writes with wisdom, heart, and an unshakable conviction that bilingual education is the best education for all children in today’s world. A must read for educators everywhere." Nancy Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania   "Ofelia (and Hugo) have unemployed a lot of researchers. After this book, there is no need for another book on bi/multilingual education for a decade. With its creativity, new conceptualisations, enormous worldwide knowledge and unusual combination of path–breaking theory and insider knowledge about schools, this is, The Book on bilingual education." Tove Skutnabb–Kangas, University of Roskilde