LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges

The Next generation: Wireless Communications for Multimedia and Beyond From both a technical and a practical point of view, there is still much to examine, evaluate and understand in 3GPP LTE cellular technology along with its evolution to LTE–Advanced. The first edition of this book, with content from Agilent engineers and other industry experts, covered basic concepts such as OFDMA, MMO and SC–FDMA. This second edition adds more detail on LTE and LTE–Advanced including the changes to the physical layer and upper layer signaling. New material on LTE–Advanced testing has been added to the section on design and verification challenges along with much more on MMO testing and advanced performance testing of receivers and transmitters. The latest information on RF and signaling conformance testing is delivered by authors participating in the 3GPP standards committees and a new section on non–signaling manufacturing test outlines what′s needed to lower manufacturing costs.

Chapter 1 LTE Introduction 1 Moray Rumney 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 LTE System Overview 1 1.3 The Evolution from UMTS to LTE 3 1.4 LTE/SAE Requirements 4 1.5 LTE/SAE Timeline 7 1.6 Introduction to the 3GPP LTE/SAE Specification Documents 8 1.7 References 10 Chapter 2 Air Interface Concepts 11 2.1 Radio Frequency Aspects 11 Moray Rumney 2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 53 Moray Rumney 2.3 Single–Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 62 Moray Rumney 2.4 Multi–Antenna Operation and MIMO 67 Peter Cain 2.5 References 89 Chapter 3 Physical Layer 91 3.1 Introduction to the Physical Layer 91 3.2 Physical Channels and Modulation 91 Mitsuru Yokoyama, Bai Ying 3.3 Multiplexing and Channel Coding 111 Ryo Yonezawa 3.4 Introduction to Physical Layer Signaling 128 Mark Stambaugh, Jean–Philippe Gregoire, Peter Goldsack 3.5 Physical Layer Procedures 142 Peter Goldsack, Dr. Michael Leung, Dr. K. F. Tsang, CityU 3.6 Physical Layer Measurements and Radio Resource Management 148 Moray Rumney 3.7 Summary 157 3.8 References 157 Chapter 4 Upper Layer Signaling 159 4.1 Access Stratum 159 Peter Goldsack, Sarabjit Singh, Steve Charlton, Venkata Ratnakar and Darshpreet Sabharwal 4.2 Non–Access Stratum 178 Sarabjit Singh, Niranjan Das, andPeter Goldsack 4.3 References 194 Chapter 5 System Architecture Evolution 195 Per Kangru, JDSU; Eng Wei Koo, JDSU; Mary Jane Pahls; Sandy Fraser 5.1 Requirements for an Evolved Architecture 195 5.2 Overview of the Evolved Packet System 199 5.3 Quality of Service in EPS 217 5.4 Security in the Network 221 5.5 Services 222 5.6 References 226 Chapter 6 Design and Verification Challenges 229 6.1 Introduction 229 Moray Rumney 6.2 Simulation and Early R&D Hardware Testing 232 Jinbiao Xu and Greg Jue 6.3 Testing RFICs With DigRF Interconnects 285 Chris Van Woerkom and Roland Scherzinger 6.4 Transmitter Design and Measurement Challenges 296 Ben Zarlingo, Moto Itagaki, Craig Grimley and Moray Rumney 6.5 Receiver Design and Measurement Challenges 340 Randy Becker, Naoya Izuchi and Sandy Fraser 6.6 Receiver Performance Testing 356 Sandy Fraser, Naoya Izuchi and Randy Becker 6.7 Testing Open– and Closed–Loop Behaviors of the Physical Layer 378 Peter Cain 6.8 Design and Verification Challenges of MIMO 392 Peter Cain and Greg Jue 6.9 Beamforming 430 Craig Grimley 6.10 SISO and MIMO Over–the–Air Testing 455 Allison Douglas and Moray Rumney 6.11 Signaling Protocol Development and Testing 472 Ian Reading 6.12 UE Functional Testing 480 Mike Lawton 6.13 Battery Drain Testing 493 Moray Rumne and, Ed Brorein 6.14 Drive Testing 499 Bob Irvine, JDSU 6.15 UE Manufacturing Test 509 Jeff Dralla, Ken Horn and Moray Rumney 6.16 References 526 Chapter 7 Conformance and Acceptance Testing 529 7.1 Introduction to Conformance Testing 529 Moray Rumney 7.2 RF Conformance Testing 531 Hiroshi Yanagawa, Gim–Seng Lau, Andrea Leonardi and Moray Rumney 7.3 UE Signaling Conformance Testing 549 Pankaj Gupta, and Moray Rumney 7.4 UE Certification Process (GCF and PTCRB) 555 Masatoshi Obara, Mike Lawton and Moray Rumney 7.5 Operator Acceptance Testing 560 Bill McKinley 7.6 References 564 Chapter 8 Looking Towards 4G: LTE–Advanced 567 Moray Rumney 8.1 Summary of Release 8 567 8.2 Release 9 568 8.3 Release 10 and LTE–Advanced 573 8.4 Release 11 587 8.5 Release 12 595 8.6 References 600 List of Acronyms 601 Index 613

Moray Rumney, Lead Technologist, Agilent Technologies, USA Moray Rumney has enjoyed a varied career path, spanning manufacturing engineering, product development, applications engineering, and most recently technical marketing. His main focus has been the development and system design of base station emulators used in the development and testing of cellular phones. Moray currently represents Agilent at RAN WG4, developing the air interface for HSPA+ and LTE. He has published many technical articles in the field of cellular communications and is a regular speaker and chairman at industry conferences Agilent Technologies A leader in test and measurement solutions, Agilent Technologies is at the forefront of emerging wireless and broadband markets. With up–to–date, reliable LTE design automation and test solutions, it provides the most complete measurement coverage – from RF to digital – throughout the product development cycle. Agilent design and test products are based on the company′s knowledge gained through active participation in the relevant 3GPP working groups. Agilent′s engineers have already produced one of the industry′s first and most extensive lines of WiMAX solutions.