Refrigeration Systems and Applications

The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers

This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author s pioneering research.  

Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi–disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide–ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness.

This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable–energy–based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter–end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials.

Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis Features clear explanations, numerous chapter–end problems and worked–out examples

Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.

Acknowledgement

Preface

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Fundamentals

1.1Introduction

1.2Thermodynamics

1.3The First Law of Thermodynamics

1.3.1Thermodynamic system

1.3.2Process

1.3.3Cycle

1.3.4 Heat

1.3.5Work

1.3.6Thermodynamic property

1.3.6.1Specific internal energy

1.3.6.2 Specific enthalpy

1.3.6.3 Specific entropy

1.3.7 Thermodynamic tables

1.3.8 Engineering Equation Solver (EES)

1.4The second law of thermodynamics

1.5 Reversibility and irreversibility

1.6 Exergy

1.6.1Exergy associated with kinetic and potential energy

1.6.2 Physical exergy

1.6.3 Chemical exergy

1.6.3.1 Standard chemical exergy

1.6.3.2 Chemical exergy of gas mixtures

1.6.3.3 Chemical exergy of humid air

1.6.3.4 Chemical exergy of liquid water and ice

1.6.3.5 Chemical exergy for absorption chillers

1.6.4Exergy balance equation

1.6.5Exergy efficiency

1.6.6 Procedure for energy and exergy analyses

1.7Concluding Remarks

Chapter 2: Modelling and Optimization

2.1 Introduction

2.2Modelling

2.2.1Air compressors

2.2.2Gas Turbines

2.2.3Pumps

2.2.4Closed heat exchanger

2.2.5Combustion chamber (CC)

2.2.6Ejector

2.2.7 Flat plate solar collector

2.2.8 Solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system

2.2.9Solar photovoltaic panel

2.3 Optimization

2.3.1 System boundaries

2.3.2 Objective functions and system criteria

2.3.3Decision variables

2.3.4 Constraints

2.3.5 Optimization methods

2.3.5.1 Classical optimization

2.3.5.2 Numerical optimization methods

2.3.5.3 Evolutionary algorithm

2.4Multi–objective optimization

2.4.1 Sample applications of multi–objective optimization

2.4.2 Illustrative example: Air compressor optimization

2.4.3 Illustrative example: Steam turbine

2.5 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 3: Modeling and Optimization of Thermal Components

3.1Introduction

3.2Air Compressor

3.3Steam Turbine

3.4Pump

3.4.1 Modeling and Simulation of a Pump

3.4.2Decision variables

3.4.3Constraints

3.4.4Multi–objective Optimization of a Pump

3.5Combustion Chamber

3.5.1Modeling and Analysis of a Combustion Chamber

3.5.2Decision variables

3.5.3Constraints

3.5.4Multi–objective Optimization

3.6Flat Plate Solar Collector

3.6.1Modeling and Analysis of Collector

3.6.2Decision Variables and Input Data

3.6.3Constraints

3.6.4Multi–objective Optimization

3.7Ejector

3.7.1Modeling and Analysis of an Ejector

3.7.2Decision variables and Constraints

3.7.3Objective Functions and Optimization

3.8Concluding Remarks

Chapter 4: Modeling and Optimization of Heat Exchangers

4.1Introduction

4.2Types of Heat Exchangers

4.3Modeling and Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

4.3.1 Modelling and Simulation

4.3.2Optimization

4.3.3Case Study

4.3.4 Model Verification

4.3.5 Optimization Results

4.3.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results

4.4Modeling and Optimization of Cross Flow Plate–Fin Heat Exchangers

4.4.1 Modeling and Simulation

4.4.2Optimization

4.4.3Case Study

4.4.4 Model Verification

4.4.5 Optimization Results

4.4.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results

4.5Modeling and Optimization of Heat Recovery Steam Generators

4.5.1Modeling and Simulation

4.5.2 Optimization

4.5.3 Case study

4.5.4 Modeling verification

4.5.5 Optimization Results

4.5.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results

4.6Concluding Remarks

Chapter 5: Modeling and Optimization of Refrigeration Systems

5.1Introduction

5.2Vapor compression refrigeration cycle

5.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis

5.2.2 Exergy Analysis

5.2.3 Optimization

5.3Cascade Refrigeration Systems

5.4Absorption Chiller

5.4.1 Thermodynamic Analysis

5.4.2 Exergy analysis

5.4.3 Exergoeconomic analysis

5.4.4 Results and Discussion

5.5Concluding Remarks

Chapter 6: Modeling and Optimization of Heat Pump Systems

6.1Introduction

6.2Air/water heat pump system

6.3 System Exergy Analysis

6.4 Energy and exergy results

6.5 Optimization

6.6Concluding Remarks

Chapter 7: Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Systems

7.1Introduction

7.2Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells

7.2.1Gibbs Function

7.2.2Reversible Cell Potential

7.3PEM fuel cell modeling

7.3.1 Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses

7.3.2 Multi–Objective Optimization of a PEM Fuel Cell System

7.4SOFC fuel cell modeling

7.4.1 Mathematical Model

7.4.2 Cost Analysis

7.4.3 Optimization

7.5Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8: Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Based Energy Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

8.2.1 Thermodynamic Modeling of OTEC

8.2.2 Thermochemical modeling of a PEM electrolyzer

8.2.3 Exergy Analysis

8.2.4 Efficiencies

8.2.5 Exergoeconomic Analysis

8.2.6 Results and discussion

8.2.7 Multi–Objective Optimization

8.3 Solar Based Energy System

8.3.1 Thermodynamic analysis

8.3.2 Exergoeconomic analysis

8.3.3 Results and discussion

8.3.4 Sensitivity analysis

8.3.5 Optimization

8.4 Hybrid Wind–Photovoltaic–Battery System

8.4.1 Modeling

8.4.2 Real Parameter Genetic Algorithm

8.4.3 Case study

8.4.4 Results and discussion

8.5Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9: Modeling and Optimization of Power Plants

9.1Introduction

9.2Steam Power Plants

9.2.1 Modeling and analysis

9.2.2 Objective functions, design parameters and constraints

9.3Gas Turbine Power Plants

9.3.1 Thermodynamic modeling

9.3.2 Exergy and Exergoeconomic analyses

9.3.3 Environmental impact assessment

9.3.4 Optimization

9.3.5 Results and Discussion

9.3.5 Sensitivity analysis

9.3.6 Closure

9.4Combined Cycle Power Plants

9.4.1Thermodynamic Modeling

9.4.2Exergy analysis

9.4.3Optimization

9.4.4 Results and Discussion

9.5Concluding Remarks

Chapter 10: Modeling and Optimization of Cogeneration and Trigeneration Systems

10.1Introduction

10.2Gas Turbine based CHP System

10.2.1 Thermodynamic modelling and analyses

10.2.2 Optimization

10.2.2.1 Single Objective Optimization

10.2.2.2 Multi–Objective Optimization

10.3Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Cogeneration Systems

10.3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling and Analysis

10.3.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine

10.3.1.2 Organic Rankine cycle

10.3.1.3 Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC)

10.3.2 Exergy Analysis

10.3.3 Optimization

10.4Micro Gas Turbine Trigeneration System

10.4.1 Thermodynamic Modeling

10.4.2 Exergy Analysis

10.4.3 Optimization

10.5Biomass based Trigeneration System

10.5.1 Thermodynamic Modeling

10.5.2 Exergy analysis

10.5.3 Optimization

10.6 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 11: Modeling and Optimization of Multigeneration Energy Systems

11.1Introduction

11.2Multigeneration system based on gas turbine prime mover

11.2.1 Thermodynamic Modeling

11.2.1.1Brayton cycle

11.2.1.2 Bottoming cycle

11.2.1.3 Absorption chiller

11.2.1.4Domestic hot water heater

11.2.1.5Organic Rankine cycle

11.2.2 Exergy Analysis

11.2.3 Economic Analysis

11.2.3.1 Investment cost of a gas turbine cycle

11.2.3.2 Steam cycle

11.2.3.3 ORC cycle

11.2.3.4 Absorption chiller

11.2.3.5 PEM electrolyzer

11.2.3.6 Domestic hot water (DHW) heater

11.2.4 Multi–objective optimization

11.2.4.1 Definition of objectives

11.2.4.2 Decision variables

11.2.4.3Optimization results

11.3 Biomass Based Multigeneration Energy System

11.3.1 Thermodynamic analysis

11.3.1.1Biomass combustion

11.3.1.2ORC cycle

11.3.1.3Domestic Water Heater

11.3.1.4 Double–effect absorption chiller

11.3.1.5 Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit

11.3.2 Exergy analysis of the system

11.3.3 Economic analysis of the system

11.3.3.1Biomass combustor and evaporator

11.3.3.2Heating process unit

11.3.3.3Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit

11.3.4 Multi–objective optimization

11.3.4.1 Definition of objectives

11.3.4.2 Decision variables

11.3.4.3 Optimization Results

11.4 Concluding Remarks

Ibrahim Dincer, PhD, is a full professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at UOIT. He is Vice President for Strategy in International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) and Vice–President for World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies (WSSET). Renowned for his pioneering works in the area of sustainable energy technologies he has authored and co–authored numerous books and book chapters, more than a thousand refereed journal and conference papers, and many technical reports. He has chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops and technical meetings. He has delivered more than 300 keynote and invited lectures. He is an active member of various international scientific organizations and societies, and serves as editor–in–chief, associate editor, regional editor, and editorial board member on various prestigious international journals. He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier s research excellence award in Ontario, Canada in 2004. He has made innovative contributions to the understanding and development of sustainable energy technologies and their implementation. He has actively been working in the areas of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, and his group has developed various novel technologies/methods/etc. Also, he has been recognized by Thomson Reuters as one of the World s Most Influential Scientific Minds in Engineering in 2014, 2015 and 2016.