Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology

Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology is designed to offer a user–friendly, clinically oriented cytology resource, with the highest quality images and thorough yet succinct clinical summaries of common diseases encountered in small animal practice. Images have been carefully selected and presented to mimic the appearance of samples under the microscope, for ease of comparison and identification. The images are accompanied by full cytologic descriptions to guide the reader through the diagnostic process and highlight important features, to aid in accurately and confidently diagnosing disease.

The clinical information for each disease is based on the most current, relevant, and evidence–based data available. The literature for each diagnosis has been critically evaluated and condensed into a succinct summary, promoting rapid and efficient access to the most essential information for decision making. This vital resource:

Features photographs of diseases with a diagnosis confirmed by pathognomonic cytologic features, histopathology, special stains, microbial culture, or other confirmatory tests Emphasizes characteristic features of each disease and distinguishing features Provides multiple images to differentiate cells from lesions that could look similar Presents more than 500 representative high–quality images

Accessible, practical, and filled with the most useful clinical information and images, Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology helps clinicians improve diagnostic capabilities in their small animal practices and positively impact patient outcomes.

Preface xi

Acknowledgment xiii

1 Cytologic Analysis of Cells 1

1.1 Approach to Cytology Samples 1

1.2 Sample Quality and Background 1

1.3 Cell Types 4

1.4 Cell Shape, Distribution, and Features 17

1.5 Benign Versus Malignant 17

References 30

2 Infectious Agents 33

2.1 Fungi 33

2.2 Oomycetes 40

2.3 Algae 40

2.4 Mesomycetozoea 42

2.5 Protozoa 43

2.6 Helminths 48

2.7 Bacteria 51

2.8 Ectoparasites 57

References 59

3 Integument 63

3.1 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions 63

References 102

4 Hemolymphatic 107

4.1 Lymph Nodes 107

4.2 Spleen 118

4.3 Thymus 131

4.4 Bone Marrow 133

References 151

5 Body Cavity Fluids 155

5.1 General Classification 155

5.2 Specific Effusions 157

References 167

6 Musculoskeletal 169

6.1 Bone 169

6.2 Joints 175

6.3 Muscle 183

References 186

7 Hepatobiliary 189

7.1 Liver 189

7.2 Biliary Tract 202

References 205

8 Digestive System 207

8.1 Salivary Glands 207

8.2 Stomach/Intestines 210

8.3 Feces 217

8.4 Pancreas 222

References 229

9 Urinary 233

9.1 Kidney 233

9.2 Bladder 237

9.3 Urine 240

9.4 Urinary Crystals 245

9.5 Urinary Casts 248

References 253

10 Respiratory 255

10.1 Nasal Cavity 255

10.2 Lung 259

10.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)/Transtracheal Wash (TTW) 263

References 270

11 Endocrine 273

11.1 Thyroid 273

11.2 Parathyroid 276

11.3 Chemoreceptor Tumors 277

11.4 Adrenal Gland 279

11.5 Pituitary Gland 281

References 283

12 Reproductive 285

Male 285

12.1 Testes 285

12.2 Semen Analysis 289

12.3 Prostate 290

12.4 Penis 298

Female 298

12.5 Ovary 298

12.6 Mammary Glands 301

12.7 Vaginal Cytology 304

References 313

13 Neurologic 317

13.1 Brain 317

13.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 325

13.3 Spinal Cord 337

References 338

14 Ocular and Special Senses 341

14.1 Eyes: Cornea 341

14.2 Eyes: Conjunctiva 344

14.3 Ears 346

References 350

Index 353

The author
Andrew G. Burton, BVSc, DACVP, is a Clinical Pathologist at IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. in North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA.