A Biographical History of Endocrinology

Establishing endocrinology as a distinct medical specialty was no easy task. This engaging volume chronicles the journey through the stories of the men and occasional women who shaped the specialty through the ages.

In 108 brief chapters, A Biographical History of Endocrinology illuminates the progress of endocrinology from Hippocrates to the modern day. The author highlights important leaders and their contributions to the field, including these early pioneers:

Kos and Alexandria, and the first human anatomy Bartolomeo Eustachi and the adrenal gland Richard Lower and the pituitary gland Thomas Addison and adrenal insufficiency Franz Leydig and testosterone secreting cells William Stewart Halsted and surgery of the thyroid gland John J. Abel and isolation of hormones Hakaru Hashimoto and his disease

Covering all the watershed moments in the history of the profession, the book identifies key figures whose contributions remain relevant today. Their fascinating stories of experiments and studies, advocacy and adversity, and exploring unknown territory will inspire the next generation of endocrinologists and satisfy every clinician who ever wondered how did we get here?

This comprehensive yet concise biographical history of endocrinology will benefit not only practicing and prospective endocrinologists, but also other medical specialists and medical historians.

Preface xxi

Chapter 1 Diabetes and the Ebers Papyrus (1552 B.C.E.) 1
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Chapter 2 The Greek Myths and the First Physicians (1100 B.C.E.) 3
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Chapter 3 Kos and Alexandria (400 B.C.E. 400 C.E.) The First Human Anatomy 6
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Chapter 4 Hippocrates (400 B.C.E) Western Medicine Begins 11
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Chapter 5 Aristotle (384 322 B.C.E.) Experiments of Nature 17
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Chapter 6 Soranus of Ephesus (98 138 C.E.) Obstetrics and Gynecology 20
Leon Speroff

Chapter 7 Aretaeus of Cappadocia (First and Second Centuries C.E.) 23
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Chapter 8 Galen (130 200) The First Human Anatomy 28
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Chapter 9 Avicenna (980 1037 C.E.) Preservation of Classical Medicine 32
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Chapter 10 Andreas Vesalius (1514 1564) The Renaissance in Medicine 36
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Chapter 11 Bartolomeo Eustachi (Eustachius) (1520 1574) The Adrenal Gland 39
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Chapter 12 Santorio Santorio (1561 1636) Insensible Loss 41
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Chapter 13 William Harvey (1578 1657) The First Great Experiment, De Motu Cordis 44
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Chapter 14 Thomas Wharton (1614 1673) Codifying the Glands 49
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Chapter 15 Marcello Malpighi (1628 1694) The Capillary 55
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Chapter 16 Richard Lower (1631 1691) The Pituitary Gland 58
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Chapter 17 Regnier de Graaf (1641 1673) The Graafian Follicle 61
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Chapter 18 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723) The First of the Great Microscopists 69
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Chapter 19 John Hunter (1728 1793) Embryology of the Hind 72
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Chapter 20 Caleb Hillier Parry (1755 1822) Thyrotoxicosis 77
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Chapter 21 Thomas Addison (1795 1860) Adrenal Insufficiency 82
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Chapter 22 Robert James Graves (1796 1853) Thyrotoxicosis 85
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Chapter 23 Armand Trousseau (1801 1867) Diabetes Insipidus 88
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Chapter 24 Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803 1861) Transplantation of Testes 91
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Chapter 25 Claude Bernard (1813 1878) The Discovery of Homeostasis and Internal Secretion 97
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Chapter 26 Adolphe Chatin (1813 1901) Iodine in the Prevention of Goiter 100
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Chapter 27 Sir James Paget (1814 1899) Osteitis Deformans 105
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Chapter 28 Sir William Gull (1816 1890) Adult Cretinism and Jack the Ripper 114
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Chapter 29 Charles ]Edouard Brown ]Séquard (1817 1894) Glandular Extract Therapy 123
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Chapter 30 Franz Leydig (1821 1908) Testosterone Secreting Cells 126
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Chapter 31 Adolf Kussmaul (1822 1902) Ketoacidosis 128
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Chapter 32 Jean ]Martin Charcot (1825 1893) Exophthalmic Goiter 130
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Chapter 33 Jean Baptiste Boussingault (1802 1887) Iodine and the Goiter 135
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Chapter 34 Bernhard Naunyn (1839 1925) Dietary Treatment of Diabetes 140
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Chapter 35 Enrico Sertoli (1842 1910) Gametes and the Testes 143
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Chapter 36 William Osler (1849 1919) Treatment of Addison s Disease 145
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Chapter 37 Emil Fischer (1852 1919) The Stereochemical Nature of Sugars 150
James Magner

Chapter 38 William Stewart Halsted (1852 1922) Surgery of the Thyroid Gland 153
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Chapter 39 Charles Eucharist de Medicis Sajous (1852 1929) The First President of the Endocrine Society 160
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Chapter 40 Pierre Marie (1853 1940) Acromegaly 165
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Chapter 41 Victor Horsley (1857 1916) Treating Myxedema with Thyroid Extract 167
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Chapter 42 Archibald Edward Garrod (1857 1936) Orchronosis and Human Genetics 170
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Chapter 43 John J. Abel (1857 1938) Isolation of Hormones 174
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Chapter 44 Oskar Minkowski (1858 1931) Diabetes and the Pancreas 182
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Chapter 45 Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861 1947) Vitamin(e)s and Biochemistry 184
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Chapter 46 George R. Murray (1865 1939) Treatment of Hypothyroidism 191
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Chapter 47 William Bayliss and Ernest Starling (1860 1924) (1866 1927) Molecular Messengers 195
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Chapter 48 Harvey Williams Cushing (1869 1939) Pituitary Basophilism 202
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Chapter 49 Leo Loeb and Max Aron (1869 1959) (1892 1974) Thyrotropin 207
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Chapter 50 W.G. MacCallum (1874 1944) Tetany and the Parathyroid Gland 212
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Chapter 51 Moses Barron (1883 1974) Pancreatic Duct Stone 216
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Chapter 52 Frederick Grant Banting (1891 1941) The Discovery of Insulin 220
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Chapter 53 James Bertram Collip (1893 1965) Isolation of Insulin 225
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Chapter 54 Frederick Madison Allen (1879 1964) The Diabetic Diet 229
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Chapter 55 Elliott Proctor Joslin (1869 1962) Insulin and the Treatment of Diabetes 231
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Chapter 56 J.J.R. Macleod (1876 1935) Discovery of Insulin 234
Michael Bliss

Chapter 57 Frederick L. Hisaw (1891 1972) Relaxin 245
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Chapter 58 Henry S. Plummer (1874 1936) Toxic Nodular Thyroid Gland 251
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Chapter 59 Henry H. Dale (1875 1968) Catecholamines 256
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Chapter 60 Robert McCarrison (1878 1960) Iodine Deficiency and Goiter 264
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Chapter 61 Hakaru Hashimoto (1881 1934) His Disease 269
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Chapter 62 Eugene F. DuBois (1882 1959) Basal Metabolism and the Thyroid 274
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Chapter 63 Herbert McLean Evans (1882 1971) Pituitary Hormones 279
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Chapter 64 Philip E. Smith (1884 1970) Trophic Hormones of the Pituitary 284
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Chapter 65 Edward C. Kendall (1886 1972) Structures of Cortisol and Thyroxin 288
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Chapter 66 David Marine (1880 1976) Iodine and Goiter 292
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Chapter 67 George Washington Corner (1889 1981) Progesterone 297
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Chapter 68 Henry H. Turner (1892 1970) Gonadal Dysgenesis 302
Ron Rosenfeld

Chapter 69 Ernest Basil Verney (1894 1967) Vasopressin is a Hormone 306
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Chapter 70 Gerty and Carl Cori (1896 1957) (1896 1984) Glucose Metabolism and Lactic Acid 311
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Chapter 71 Charles Robert Harington (1897 1972) Synthesis of Thyroxine 316
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Chapter 72 Dorothy Price and Carl Moore (1899 1980) (1892 1955) Regulation of Gonadal Hormone Secretion 320
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Chapter 73 Fuller Albright (1900 1969) Uncharted Seas 325
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Chapter 74 Charles Brenton Huggins (1901 1997) Androgen Ablation Therapy for Prostate Cancer 331
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Chapter 75 Vincent du Vigneaud (1901 1978) Antidiuretic Hormone 333
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Chapter 76 Russell Earl Marker (1902 1995) The Mexican Yam 335
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Chapter 77 Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903 1967) The Birth Control Pill 338
Leon Speroff

Chapter 78 G.F. Marrian (1904 1981) Isolation of Estrogens 344
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Chapter 79 Berta and Ernst Scharrer (1906 1995) (1905 1965) Concept of Neurosecretion 348
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Chapter 80 Ulf Svante von Euler (1905 1983) Neurosecretion of Norepinephrine 354
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Chapter 81 Saul Hertz (1905 1950) Radioactive Iodine and the Treatment of Graves Disease 360
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Chapter 82 George Widmer Thorn (1906 2004) The Treatment of Addison s Disease 364
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Chapter 83 Hans Hugo Bruno Selye (1907 1982) Stress and the Endocrine System 368
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Chapter 84 Jerome W. Conn (1907 1994) Adrenal Mediated High Blood Pressure 371
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Chapter 85 Frank G. Young (1908 1988) The Pituitary Gland and Diabetes Mellitus 373
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Chapter 86 Edwin B. Astwood (1909 1976) Radioiodine Treatment for Thyrotoxicosis 379
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Chapter 87 Roy Hertz (1909 2002) Cure of Choriocarcinoma 384
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Chapter 88 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910 1994) The Structure of Insulin 387
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Chapter 89 Harry F. Klinefelter (1912 1990) Genetic Hypogonadism 390
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Chapter 90 Julius Axelrod (1912 2004) Epinephrine Synthesis, Secretion, and Reuptake 393
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Chapter 91 Geoffrey W. Harris (1913 1967) The Brain s Control of the Pituitary Gland 399
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Chapter 92 Frederic C. Bartter (1914 1983) Disorders of The Pump 406
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Chapter 93 Earl W. Sutherland (1915 1974) Discovery of Cyclic AMP 411
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Chapter 94 Maurice S. Raben (1915 1977) The Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency 418
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Chapter 95 Alfred Jost (1916 1991) Sexual Ambiguity 424
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Chapter 96 Robert Burns Woodward (1917 1979) Synthesis of Cholesterol 426
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Chapter 97 Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait (1917 2003) Steroid Metabolism 428
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Chapter 98 Solomon Berson (1918 1972) Radioimmunoassay 430
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Chapter 99 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921 2011) Radioimmunoassay 433
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Chapter 100 Mort Lipsett (1921 1984) The Syndromes of Adrenal Insufficiency 436
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Chapter 101 Griff Terry Ross (1921 1985) The Subunit of hCG 439
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Chapter 102 Grant Liddle (1921 1989) Differential Diagnosis of Cushing s Syndrome 442
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Chapter 103 Monte Arnold Greer (1922 2002) Thyroid Nodules 444
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Chapter 104 Jacob Robbins (1923 2008) Radiation ]Induced Thyroid Cancer 452
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Chapter 105 Donald S. Fredrickson (1924 2002) Lipid Dyscrasiasis 455
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Chapter 106 John Doppman (1928 2000) Interventional Radiology 458
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Chapter 107 Gerald Aurbach (1927 1991) Parathormone 461
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Chapter 108 Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally (1924 ) (1926 ) The Hypothalamic ]Releasing Hormones 464
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Criticism 469

Index 471

Dr. Loriaux was born in Oklahoma and raised in Santa Fe New Mexico. He went to Colorado State University and spent two years in the CSU Veterinary school before transferring to Baylor College of Medicine as one of the first students in the Baylor MD/PhD program. He did his medical training at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital (nee Brigham and Women s hospital). He completed his endocrine training at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Maryland. He remained in Bethesda for 20 years, eventually becoming Chief of the Developmental Endocrinology branch, and Clinical Director of NICHD. In 1990, he moved to the Oregon Health and science University in Portland, first as head of the Endocrinology division, then as Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine for 19 years. He is currently Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at OHSU. Dr Loriaux was president of the Endocrine Society in 1995.