The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery

This updated edition of the most comprehensive reference book on pancreatic disease details the very latest knowledge on genetics and molecular biological background in terms of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pathophysiology for all known disorders. Included for the first time are two new sections on the key areas of Autoimmune Pancreatitis and Benign Cystic Neoplasms. In addition, this edition is filled with over 500 high–quality illustrations, line drawings, and radiographs that provide a step–by–step approach to all endoscopic techniques and surgical procedures. Each of these images can be downloaded via an online image bank for use in scientific presentations. Every existing chapter has been thoroughly revised and updated to include the many changes in clinical practice since publication of the current edition.

The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery, 3rd Edition is an important book for gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons worldwide.

Contributors

Preface

Abbreviations

About the Companion Website

Section 1 Anatomy of the Pancreas

1 Development of the Pancreas and Related Structures
Brian Lewis and Junhao Mao

2 Anatomy, Histology, and Fine Structure of the Pancreas
Daniel S. Longnecker, Fred Gorelick, and Elizabeth D. Thompson

3 Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Pancreas
Martin Zenker and Markus M. Lerch

Section 2 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Functions

4 Physiology of Acinar Cell Secretion
Ole H. Petersen

5 Physiology of Duct Cell Secretion
Mei Zeng, Laura Vachel, and Shmuel Muallem

6 Pathophysiology of Experimental Pancreatitis
Vikas Dudeja, Rajinder Dawra, and Ashok K. Saluja

7 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Function of Sphincter of Oddi
Savio George Barreto and James Toouli

8 Neurohormonal and Hormonal Control of Pancreatic Secretion
Chung Owyang

9 Regulation of Pancreatic Protein Synthesis and Growth
Maria Dolors Sans and John A. Williams

10 Fibrogenesis in the Pancreas: The Role of Stellate Cells
Minoti V. Apte, Romano C. Pirola, and Jeremy S. Wilson

11 Fibrogenesis of the Pancreas: The Role of Macrophages
Aida Habtezion

12 Insulo Acinar Relationship
Keiko Shiratori and Kyoko Shimizu

Section 3 Acute Pancreatitis

13 Epidemiology and Etiology of Alcohol ]Induced Pancreatitis
Jeremy S. Wilson, Romano C. Pirola, and Minoti V. Apte

14 Epidemiology and Etiology of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis
Michael G.T. Raraty, Andrea Sheel, and John P. Neoptolemos

15 Genetic Factors in Acute Pancreatitis
Zachary Zator and Georgios I. Papachristou

16 The Role of the Intestine and Mesenteric Lymph in the Development of Systemic Inflammation and MODS in Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Alistair B.J. Escott, Anthony R.J. Phillips, and John A. Windsor

17 The Role of Neurogenic Inflammation in Pancreatitis
Jami L. Saloman, Kathryn M. Albers, and Brian M. Davis

18 Molecular, Biochemical, and Metabolic Abnormalities in Acute Pancreatitis
Julia Mayerle, Frank Ulrich Weiss, Walter Halangk, and Markus M. Lerch

19 Histopathology of Acute Pancreatitis
Gunter Kloppel

20 Clinical Classification Systems of Acute Pancreatitis
John A. Windsor and Max S. Petrov

21 Clinical Assessment and Biochemical Markers to Objectify Severity and Prognosis
Bettina M. Rau and Guido Alsfasser

22 Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Congenital Anomalies
Christopher R. Schlieve, Andrew L. Warshaw, and Tracy C. Grikscheit

23 Acute Pancreatitis in Children
Mark E. Lowe and Veronique D. Morinville

24 Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Metabolic Disorders, Infectious Diseases, or Drugs
Ali A. Aghdassi and Markus M. Lerch

25 Radiologic Diagnosis and Staging of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Yoshihisa Tsuji

Clinical Course and Medical Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

 

26 Conservative Therapy of Acute Pancreatitis: Volume Substitution and Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Timothy B. Gardner

27 ICU Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Scott R. Gunn and David C. Whitcomb

28 Use of Antibiotics in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Indications and Limitations
Rainer Isenmann and Mathias Wittau

Interventional and Surgical Management of Acute Pancreatitis

29 Indications for Interventional and Surgical Treatment of Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Thomas E. Clancy

30 Management of Infected Pancreatic Necroses: An Endoscopic Approach
Eduardo Rodrigues ]Pinto and Todd H. Baron

31 Minimally Invasive Debridement and Lavage of Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Rebecca Saunders, Michael G.T. Raraty, Chris Halloran, and John P. Neoptolemos

32 Open Surgical Debridement in Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Lutz Schneider and Markus W. Buchler

33 Endoscopic Treatment of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis
Ichiro Yasuda, Shinpei Doi, and Masatoshi Mabuchi

34 Strategies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Walled ]Off Necrosis After Acute Pancreatitis: Interventional Endoscopic Approaches
Georg Beyer, Julia Mayerle, and Markus M. Lerch

35 Strategies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Walled ]Off Necrosis After Acute Pancreatitis: Surgical Treatment
Naohiro Sata, Masaru Koizumi, and Alan K. Lefor

36 Management of Fluid Collection in Acute Pancreatitis
Felix Lammerhirt, Frank Ulrich Weiss, and Markus M. Lerch

37 Management of Pancreatic Fistula in Acute Pancreatitis
Jorg Kaiser, Thilo Hackert, and Markus W. Buchler

Long–Term Outcome After Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

38 Long ]Term Outcome After Acute Pancreatitis
Christin Tjaden and Thilo Hackert

Section 4 Chronic Pancreatitis

39 Molecular Understanding of Chronic Pancreatitis
John F. Eisses and Sohail Z. Husain

40 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis
Atsushi Masamune and Tooru Shimosegawa

41 Pain Mechanisms in Chronic Pancreatitis
Pierluigi di Sebastiano, Tommaso Grottola, and Francesco F. di Mola

42 Natural History of Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
Rohit Das and Dhiraj Yadav

43 Chronic Pancreatitis with Inflammatory Mass of the Pancreatic Head
Ulrich F. Wellner and Tobias Keck

44 Early Chronic Pancreatitis
Tetsuhide Ito, Masayuki Hijioka, and Tooru Shimosegawa

45 Hereditary Chronic Pancreatitis: Molecular Pattern, Clinical Consequences, and Management Principles
Celeste Shelton and David C. Whitcomb

46 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Tropical Chronic Pancreatitis
Shailesh V. Shrikhande and Savio George Barreto

47 Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR) ]Associated Pancreatic Disease
Chee Y. Ooi and Aliye Uc

48 Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis
Julia Mayerle, Peter Simon, and Markus M. Lerch

49 Evidence of Contrast ]Enhanced CT and MRI/MRCP
J. Enrique Dominguez ]Munoz, Roberto Garcia ]Figueiras, and Julio Iglesias ]Garcia

50 Chronic Pancreatitis: Risk Factors in Cancer
Albert B. Lowenfels and Patrick Maisonneuve

Conservative Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis

51 Pain Management in Chronic Pancreatitis
Kai Bachmann, Stephanie Plagemann, Yogesh Kumar Vashist, and Jakob R. Izbicki

52 Medical Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis: Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes: Lipases, Proteases
Mark E. Lowe

53 Nutritional Support of Chronic Pancreatitis
Sinead N. Duggan and Stephen J. O Keefe

54 Medical Therapy for Chronic Pancreatitis: Antioxidants
Chris E. Forsmark

Strategies for Endoscopic and Surgical Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis

55 Evidence of Endoscopic and Interventional Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis and Pseudocysts
Jorg Schirra, Markus M. Lerch, and Julia Mayerle

56 Indications and Goals of Surgical Treatment
Ryan T. Groeschl and Michael B. Farnell

57 Pancreatic Duct Drainage Procedure
Dirk Bausch and Tobias Keck

58 Duodenum ]Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection
Hans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, Yang Yinmo, and Waldemar Uhl

59 Major Pancreatic Resection
May C. Tee and Michael B. Farnell

60 Laparoscopic Surgery
Vernissia Tam, Melissa E. Hogg, and Amer Zureikat

Management of Diabetes and Long–Term Outcome of Chronic Pancreatitis

61 Chronic Pancreatitis: Long ]Term Outcome After Medical and Surgical Treatment
Volker Asfalg, Norbert Huser, and Helmut Friess

62 Management of Pancreatic Diabetes Secondary to Chronic Pancreatitis
Keiko Shiratori

Section 5 Autoimmune Pancreatitis

63 Epidemiology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Terumi Kamisawa and Tooru Shimosegawa

64 Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Yoh Zen

65 Histology of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Rajib Gupta and Vikram Deshpande

66 Clinical Manifestation of Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Tooru Shimosegawa, Morihisa Hirota, and Atsushi Kanno

67 Clinical Manifestations of Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Emma L. Culver and George Webster

68 Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
J. ]Matthias Lohr, Pia Maier, and Stephan L. Haas

69 What is the Evidence Measuring Immune Markers
Shigeyuki Kawa

70 Imaging Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Kazuichi Okazaki, Tsukasa Ikeura, Kazushige Uchida, and Makoto Takaoka

71 Medical Management of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Shounak Majumder and Suresh T. Chari

Long–Term Outcome of Management of Autoimmune Pancreatitis

72 Long ]Term Outcome After Treatment of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Luca Frulloni and Nicolo de Pretis

Section 6 Neoplastic Tumors of the Exocrine Tissue: Benign Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas

73 Epidemiology of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Saurabh Mukewar and Suresh T. Chari

74 Histologic Classification and Staging of Cystic Neoplasms
Noriyoshi Fukushima and Giuseppe Zamboni

75 Molecular Mechanisms of Cystic Neoplasia
Nickolas Papadopoulos and Ralph H. Hruban

76 Clinical Presentation of Cystic Neoplasms
Susumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, and Kenji Yamao

77 Evaluation of Cystic Lesions Using EUS, MRI, and CT
Anne Marie Lennon and Hiroyuki Maguchi

78 Cytologic Evaluation of Cystic Neoplasms
Martha Bishop Pitman

79 Natural History of Cystic Neoplasms: IPMN, MCN, SCN, and SPN
Anna ]Katharina Stadler, Thilo Hackert, Stefan Fritz, and Markus W. Buchler

80 Surveillance or Surgical Treatment in Asymptomatic Cystic Neoplasms
Klaus Sahora and Carlos Fernandez ]del Castillo

Local and Standard Surgical Treatment of Cystic Neoplasms

81 Duodenum ]Preserving Partial or Total Pancreatic Head Resection
Hans G. Beger and Bertram Poch

82 Pancreatic Middle Segment Resection
Calogero Iacono

83 The Indications For and Limitations of Tumor Enucleation
Rosalie A. Carr, C. Max Schmidt, and Henry A. Pitt

84 Standard Surgical Management of IPMN, MCN, SPN, and SCN Lesions: Open Approach
Miral Sadaria Grandhi, Barish H. Edil, and Richard D. Schulick

85 Surgical Treatment of Cystic Neoplasms: Laparoscopic Approach
Richard A. Burkhart, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Markus W. Buchler, and Thilo Hackert

86 Management of Recurrence of Cystic Neoplasms
Zhi Ven Fong, Christopher L. Wolfgang, and Keith D. Lillemoe

Long–Term Outcome of Management of Cystic Neoplasms

87 Long ]Term Outcome After Observation and Surgical Treatment: What is the Evidence?
Giovanni Marchegiani, Giuseppe Malleo, and Claudio Bassi

Section 7 Neoplastic Tumors of Exocrine Tissue: Pancreatic Cancer

88 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer
Evelina Mocci and Alison P. Klein

89 Smoking, a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: Experimental and Clinical Data
Uwe A. Wittel, Bradley R. Hall, and Surinder K. Batra

90 Molecular Understanding of Development of Ductal Pancreatic Cancer
Laura D. Wood and Ralph H. Hruban

91 Familial Pancreatic Cancer
Alison P. Klein

92 Pathology of Exocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Meredith E. Pittman and Ralph H. Hruban

93 Pancreatic Cancer: Precancerous Lesions
Michael Noe, Lodewijk A.A. Brosens, and Johan Offerhaus

94 Clinical History and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer
Norbert Huser, Volker Asfalg, and Helmut Friess

95 Pancreatic Cancer Within the Uncinate Process: Radiologic and Clinical Characteristics
Sebastian Hollander and Dieter Birk

96 The Role of EUS in the Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Neoplastic Lesions
Susumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, and Kenji Yamao

97 Radiologic Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: CT, MRI
Siva P. Raman and Elliot K. Fishman

98 Screening of Patients with Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer
Michael Goggins

99 The Role of PET in Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer and Cancer Recurrence
Norbert Huser, Volker Asfalg, Isabel Rauscher, and Helmut Friess

100 Tumor Markers in Pancreatic Malignancies
Shin Hamada, Atsushi Masamune, and Tooru Shimosegawa

101 The Role of Laparoscopy and Peritoneal Cytology in the Management of Pancreatic Cancer
Kyoichi Takaori and Shinji Uemoto

102 Clinical Assessment and Staging of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Jennifer LaFemina, Ann K. Friedrich, and Giles F. Whalen

Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

103 Pancreatic Cancer: Indications for Resection
Akimasa Nakao

104 Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer, Short ] and Long ]Term Outcomes After Kausch Whipple and Pylorus ]Preserving Resection
Jin He and John L. Cameron

105 Left Pancreatectomy for Body and Tail Cancer
Georgios Gemenetzis and Christopher L. Wolfgang

106 Total Pancreatectomy: Indications and Limitations
Seiko Hirono and Hiroki Yamaue

107 Laparoscopic and Robotic Resection for Pancreatic Cancer
Deepa Magge, Herbert J. Zeh, and Melissa E. Hogg

108 Extended Radical Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer
Thilo Hackert, Alexis Ulrich, and Markus W. Buchler

109 Palliative Pancreatoduodenectomy: Benefits and Limitations
Christoph W. Michalski, Max Heckler, Mert Erkan, and Markus W. Buchler

110 Bypass Surgery for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Jurgen Weitz, Thomas Pausch, Christoph W. Michalski, and Thilo Hackert

Nonsurgical Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer

111 Endoscopic and Interventional Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer
Takao Itoi

Medical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

112 Neoadjuvant Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: Downstaging Results
Robert A. Wolff and Gauri Varadhachary

113 Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer
Robert P. Jones, Paula Ghaneh, and John P. Neoptolemos

114 Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Adrian G. Murphy, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, and Lei Zheng

115 Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer
Vincent Bernard and Anirban Maitra

116 Palliative Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Survival Benefit and Side Effects of Treatment
Olusola O. Faluyi, Madhuchanda Chatterjee, and Daniel H. Palmer

117 Management of Pain in Pancreatic Cancer
Michael Erdek, Indy Wilkinson, and Zackary E. Boomsaad

118 Role of Radio and Proton Beam Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Amol K. Narang, Lauren M. Rosati, Michael D. Chuong, and Joseph M. Herman

119 Management of Cancer Recurrence
Oliver Strobel and Markus W. Buchler

Long–Term Outcome After Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

120 Survival and Late Morbidity After Resection of Pancreatic Cancer
Avinoam Nevler, Charles J. Yeo, and Jordan M. Winter

Section 8 Neoplastic Tumors of the Endocrine Pancreas: Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas

121 Epidemiology and Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
J.J. Mukherjee, Kok ]Onn Lee, and Gregory Kaltsas

122 Pathology of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Atsuko Kasajima and Hironobu Sasano

123 Molecular Genetics of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Nickolas Papadopoulos and Ralph H. Hruban

124 Clinical Manifestation of Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Ken Kawabe and Tetsuhide Ito

125 Evidence of Hormonal, Laboratory, Biochemical, and Instrumental Diagnostics of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Kok ]Onn Lee, Gregory Kaltsas, and J.J. Mukherjee

126 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Multiple Neoplasia Syndromes
Anja Rinke and Thomas Matthias Gress

127 Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Diagnosis and Management Principles
Takao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, and Masafumi Nakamura

128 Medical and Nucleotide Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Gregory Kaltsas, J.J. Mukherjee, and Kok ]Onn Lee

129 Interventional Radiology in the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Takao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, and Masafumi Nakamura

Surgical Management of Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas

130 Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Enucleation
Henning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, and Andreas Machens

131 Local Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Duodenum ]Preserving Partial or Total Pancreatic Head Resection and Pancreatic Middle ]Segment Resection
Hans G. Beger and Wataru Kimura

132 Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Tumors: Major Oncologic Resection
Henning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, and Andreas Machens

133 Management of Insulinoma
Keijiro Ueda, Linkaku Lee, and Tetsuhide Ito

134 Evidence of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Gastrinoma
Ryuichiro Doi

135 Rare Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: Management and Evidence of Surgical Treatment Ryuichiro Doi

136 Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas and Biliary Tract
Andrea Frilling, Ashley K. Clift, and Vito Cincinnati

Long–Term Outcome After Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas

137 Long ]Term Outcome After Treatment of Endocrine Tumors
Andreas Machens and Henning Dralle

Section 9 Periampullary Cancers and Tumors Other Than Pancreatic Cancer

138 Periampullary Cancer: Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Strategies
Amanda B. Cooper and Keith D. Lillemoe

139 Histology and Genetics of Cancer of the Papilla, Distal Common Bile Duct, and Duodenum
Yue Xue, Michelle D. Reid, and N. Volkan Adsay

140 Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Diagnosis and Management
Omer Basar and William R. Brugge

141 Endoscopic Treatment of Adenomas of the Ampulla of Vater: Techniques, Results, Benefits, and Limitations
Natsuyo Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Isayama, and Kazuhiko Koike

142 Surgical Treatment of Adenoma and Cancer of Papilla of Vater
Hans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, and Bettina M. Rau

143 Surgical Treatment of Duodenal Cancer
Fuyuhiko Motoi and Michiaki Unno

144 Surgical Treatment of Distal Cholangiocarcinoma
Yukihiro Yokoyama, Tomoki Ebata, and Masato Nagino

145 Adjuvant and Palliative Chemotherapy of Periampullary Cancers
Eyas Mohamed, Paula Ghaneh, and John P. Neoptolemos

Long–Term Survival After Tumor Resection

146 Long ]Term Survival After Resection of Periampullary Cancer
Masayuki Ohtsuka and Masaru Miyazaki

Section 10 Transplantation of the Pancreas

147 Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets
Bernhard J. Hering and Melena D. Bellin

148 Transplantation of the Pancreas
Hans W. Sollinger and Dixon B. Kaufman

Index

The Editors
HANS G. BEGER, MD, FACS(Hon), JSS(Hon), CSS(Hon), Founding Editor, Professor Emeritus of Surgery, c/o University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

ANDREW L. WARSHAW, MD, FACS, FRCSEd(Hon), W. Gerald Austen Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Surgeon–in–Chief Emeritus, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

RALPH H. HRUBAN, MD, Baxley Professor and Director, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

MARKUS W. BÜCHLER, MD, Professor of Surgery and Chair, Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

MARKUS M. LERCH, MD, FRCP, Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

JOHN P. NEOPTOLEMOS, MA, MB, BCHIR, MD, FRCS, FMEDSCI, Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

TOORU SHIMOSEGAWA, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

DAVID C. WHITCOMB, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Human Genetics, Director, UPMC Precision Medicine Service, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA