Fuels, Chemicals and Materials from the Oceans and Aquatic Sources

Fuels, Chemicals and Materials from the Oceans and Aquatic Sources provides a holistic view of fuels, chemicals and materials from renewable sources in the oceans and other aquatic media. It presents established and recent results regarding the use of water–based biomass, both plants and animals,for value–added applications beyond food.

The book begins with an introductory chapter which provides an overview of ocean and aquatic sources for the production of chemicals and materials. Subsequent chapters focus on the use of various ocean bioresources and feedstocks, including microalgae, macroalgae, and waste from aquaculture and fishing industries, including fish oils, crustacean and mollusc shells. 

Fuels, Chemicals and Materials from the Oceans and Aquatic Sources serves as a valuable reference for academic and industrial professionals working on the production of chemicals, materials and fuels from renewable feedstocks. It will also prove useful for researchers in the fields of green and sustainable chemistry, marine sciences and biotechnology.  

Topics covered include:

          Production and conversion of green macroalgae

          Marine macroalgal biomass as an energy feedstock

          Microalgae bioproduction

          Bioproduction and utilization of chitin and chitosan

          Applications of mollusc shells

          Crude fish oil as a potential fuel

For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

 

List of Contirbutors

Preface

Chapter 1 Overview of Ocean and Aquatic Sources for the Production of Chemicals and Materials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Shellfish–based biomass

1.2.1 Crustacean shells

1.2.2 Mollusc shells

1.3 Finfish–based biomass

1.4 Plant–based biomass

1.5 Summary and outlook

References

Chapter 2 Production and conversion of green macroalgae (Ulva spp.)

2.1 Production of Ulva biomass

2.1.1 Land–based tank culture in Kochi

2.1.1.1 Germling cluster method

2.1.1.2 Deep seawater

2.1.1.3 Multistep tank system

2.1.2 Improvement for more intensive culture

2.1.2.1 Selection of strain

2.1.2.2 Nutrient supply

2.2 Conversion of Ulva biomass

2.2.1 Microwave–assisted hydrothermal reaction of biomass

2.2.2 Microwave–assisted conversion of Ulva biomass

2.2.2.1 Microwave–assisted extraction of ulvan from Ulva biomass

2.2.2.2 Microwave–assisted hydrolysis of Ulva biomass

2.2.2.3 Microwave susceptibility of ulvan

2.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3 A new wave of research interest in marine macroalgae for chemicals and fuels: challenges and potentials

3.1. Introduction

3.2.  Macroalgal feedstock for chemicals

3.3. Marine macroalgae as a biorefinery feedstock

3.4. Marine macroalgal biomass as an energy feedstock

3.4.1. Bio–ethanol

3.4.2. Bio–diesel

3.4.3. Bio–butanol

3.4.4. Bio–oil

3.5. Advances in cultivation technology

3.6. Marine algal cultivation for CO2 sequestration

3.7. Opportunities, challenges and conclusions

References

Chapter 4 Kappaphycus alvarezii: A Potential Sustainable Resource for Fertilizers and Fuels

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Composition and processing of Kappaphycus alvarezii

4.3. Simultaneous production of liquid fertilizer ( –Sap) and –carrageenan from fresh Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed

4.4. –Sap as potential plant stimulant

4.5. Manipulation of –Sap for sustainable biomass intensification of maize

4.6. Bioethanol production from Kappaphycus alvarezii

4.7. Fuel intermediates and useful chemical from Kappaphycus alvarezii

4.8. Environmental impact of fuel and fertilizers production from Kappaphycus alvarezii

4.9. Conclusion and future prospect

References

Chapter 5 Microalgae Bioproduction Feeds, Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Polymers

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Microalgae and Bioproduction Methods

5.2.1. Microalgae Groups Considered

5.2.2. Bioproduction of Microalgae Methods

5.2.2.1 Batch, Continuous, Fed–batch Semi–continuous and Perfusion Culture Methods

5.2.2.2 Indoor/Outdoor and Open/Closed Bioproduction Systems

5.2.2.3 Novel Bioproduction Systems Under Development or Re–evaluation

5.2.2.3.1 Integrated Aquaculture System (IAS)

5.2.2.3.2 Dialysis Membrane Reactors

5.2.2.3.3 Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae (OMEGA)

5.3. Microalgae Feedstock Products and Co–Products

5.3.1 Microalgae as Animal Feed

5.3.2 Microalgae as a Human Food Source

5.3.3 Microalgae in Nutraceuticals

5.3.3.1. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) in Microalgae

5.3.3.2. Antioxidants in Microalgae

5.3.4 Biopolymers from Microalgae

5.3.4.1 Chitin and Chitosan: Abundant biomaterial with high applicability

5.3.4.2 Uses for Chitin Polymorphic Forms and –chitin

5.3.4.3 Chitosan and its Derivatives: Oligosaccharides (COS) and Glucosamine

5.4. Conclusion The Path Forward

References

Chapter 6 Innovations in Crustacean Processing: Bio–production of Chitin and its Derivatives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Innovations in Crustacean Processing

6.2.1 Conventional Processing Technologies

6.2.2 Innovations in Crustacean Processing

6.3 Utilization of Marine By–products

6.3.1 Processing Technologies for Crustacean By–products

6.3.2 A Biorefinery Approach for Value Chain Optimization of Crustacean Biomass Waste

6.4 Bio–production of Chitin and its Derivatives

6.4.1 Background

6.4.2 Isolation and Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan

6.4.3 Non–chemical Structural Modifications of Chitin and Chitosan

6.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7 Recent Progress on the Utilization of Chitin/Chitosan for Chemicals and Materials

7.1 Structure, source, and properties of chitin/chitosan

7.2 Isolation and purification of chitin/chitosan

7.3 Derivatives of chitin/chitosan

7.4 Utilization of chitin/chitosan for chemicals and materials

7.5 Closing remark and perspectives

References

Chapter 8 Characterization and Utilization of Waste Streams from Mollusc Aquaculture and Fishing Industries

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Processing and characterization of mollusc shells

8.2.1 Processing technologies

8.2.1.1 Bio–cleaning

8.2.2 Characterization of shells

8.2.2.1 Powder X–ray diffraction and polymorphs of calcium carbonate

8.2.2.2 Morphology of calcium carbonate particles using microscopy

8.2.2.3 Solid–state NMR spectra of mollusc shells

8.2.2.4 Infrared spectra of mollusc shells

8.2.2.5 Surface areas of ground mollusc shells

8.3 Applications of mollusc shells

8.3.1 Soil amendment

8.3.2 Treatment of metal contamination and acid mine drainage

8.3.3 Phosphate removal and water purification

8.3.4 Building materials

8.3.5 Mollusc–derived calcium oxide in catalysis

8.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9 Fish Processing Waste Streams as a Feedstock for Fuels

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fish processing by–product

9.3 Chemical and physical properties of crude fish oil

9.3.1 Chemical composition of crude fish oil

9.4 Oil recovery processes and parameters

9.4.1 Physical/thermal separation processes

9.4.2 Chemical extraction processes

9.4.2.1 Solvent extraction

9.4.3 Biological/chemical hydrolysis and Fermentation

9.4.3.1 Hydrolysis

9.4.3.2 Fermentation

9.4.4 Purification

9.4.5 Preservation of feedstock and the recovered oil

9.5 Fuel properties of crude and refined fish oils

9.6 Performance of crude fish oil as a fuel

9.7 Upgrading marine crude bio–oil

9.7.1 Types of refined fish oil products

9.7.2 Transesterification

9.7.3 Pyrolysis

9.7.4 Microemulsification

9.7.5 Alternative processes

9.8 Emission comparison for bio–oils

9.8.1 Crude fish oil

9.8.2 Fish biodiesel

9.8.3 Biogas from fish waste

9.8.4 Fish biofuels from other processes

9.9 Comparison of crude oil and refined oil performance as a fuel

9.10 Comparison of fish biofuels

9.11 Summary

References

Editors

Francesca Kerton        Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John s, Canada

Ning Yan                     National University of Singapore, Singapore

Series Editor

Christian Stevens        Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium