Laboratory Manual for Pulse–Width Modulated DC–DC Power Converters

  Designed to complement a range of power electronics study resources, this unique lab manual helps students to gain a deep understanding of the operation, modeling, analysis, design, and performance of pulse–width modulated (PWM) DC–DC power converters.  Exercises focus on three essential areas of power electronics: open–loop power stages; small–signal modeling, design of feedback loops and PWM DC–DC converter control schemes; and semiconductor devices such as silicon, silicon carbide and gallium nitride. Meeting the standards required by industrial employers, the lab manual combines programming language with a simulation tool designed for proficiency in the theoretical and practical concepts. Students and instructors can choose from an extensive list of topics involving simulations on MATLAB, SABER, or SPICE–based platforms, enabling readers to gain the most out of the prelab, inlab, and postlab activities. The laboratory exercises have been taught and continuously improved for over 25 years by Marian K. Kazimierczuk thanks to constructive student feedback and valuable suggestions on possible workroom improvements. This up–to–date and informative teaching material is now available for the benefit of a wide audience. Key features: Includes complete designs to give students a quick overview of the converters, their characteristics, and fundamental analysis of operation. Compatible with any programming tool (MATLAB, Mathematica, or Maple) and any circuit simulation tool (PSpice, LTSpice, Synopsys SABER, PLECS, etc.). Quick design section enables students and instructors to verify their design methodology for instant simulations. Presents lab exercises based on the most recent advancements in power electronics, including multiple–output power converters, modeling, current– and voltage–mode control schemes, and power semiconductor devices. Provides comprehensive appendices to aid basic understanding of the fundamental circuits, programming and simulation tools. Contains a quick component selection list of power MOSFETs and diodes together with their ratings, important specifications and Spice models.

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xiii

List of Symbols xv

Part I OPEN–LOOP PULSE–WIDTH MODULATED DC DC CONVERTERS STEADY–STATE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES

1 Boost DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 3

2 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Boost DC DC Converter in CCM 7

3 Boost DC DC Converter in DCM Steady–State Simulation 11

4 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Boost DC DC Converter in DCM 15

5 Open–Loop Boost AC DC Power Factor Corrector Steady–State Simulation 19

6 Buck DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 23

7 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Buck DC DC Converter in CCM 27

8 Buck DC DC Converter in DCM Steady–State Simulation 31

9 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Buck DC DC Converter in DCM 35

10 High–Side Gate–Drive Circuit for Buck DC DC Converter 39

11 Quadratic Buck DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 41

12 Buck Boost DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 45

13 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Buck Boost DC DC Converter in CCM 49

14 Buck Boost DC DC Converter in DCM Steady–State Simulation 53

15 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Buck Boost DC DC Converter in DCM 57

16 Flyback DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 61

17 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Flyback DC DC Converters in CCM 65

18 Multiple–Output Flyback DC DC Converter in CCM 69

19 Flyback DC DC Converter in DCM Steady–State Simulation 73

20 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Flyback DC DC Converter in DCM 77

21 Forward DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 81

22 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Forward DC DC Converter in CCM 85

23 Forward DC DC Converter in DCM Steady–State Simulation 89

24 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Forward DC DC Converter in DCM 93

25 Half–Bridge DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 97

26 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Half–Bridge DC DC Converter in CCM 101

27 Full–Bridge DC DC Converter in CCM Steady–State Simulation 105

28 Efficiency and DC Voltage Transfer Function of PWM Full–Bridge DC DC Converters in CCM 109

Part II CLOSED–LOOP PULSE–WIDTH MODULATED DC DC CONVERTERS TRANSIENT ANALYSIS, SMALL–SIGNAL MODELING, AND CONTROL

29 Design of the Pulse–Width Modulator and the PWM Boost DC DC Converter in CCM 115

30 Dynamic Analysis of the Open–Loop PWM Boost DC DC Converter in CCM for Step Change in the Input Voltage, Load Resistance, and Duty Cycle 119

31 Open–Loop Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function of the Boost Converter in CCM 123

32 Root Locus and 3D Plot of the Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function 129

33 Open–Loop Input–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function of the Boost Converter in CCM 133

34 Open–Loop Small–Signal Input and Output Impedances of the Boost Converter in CCM 137

35 Feedforward Control of the Boost DC DC Converter in CCM 141

36 P, PI, and PID Controller Design 145

37 P, PI, and PID Controllers: Bode and Transient Analysis 149

38 Transfer Functions of the Pulse–Width Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 153

39 Closed–Loop Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function with Unity–Gain Control 157

40 Simulation of the Closed–Loop Boost Converter with Proportional Control 161

41 Voltage–Mode Control of Boost DC DC Converter with Integral–Double–Lead Controller 165

42 Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function of the Open–Loop Buck DC DC Converter 169

43 Voltage–Mode Control of Buck DC DC Converter 173

44 Feedforward Control of the Buck DC DC Converter in CCM 179

Part III SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND POWER DEVICES

45 Temperature Dependence of Si and SiC Semiconductor Materials 187

46 Dynamic Characteristics of the PN Junction Diode 191

47 Characteristics of the Silicon and Silicon–Carbide PN Junction Diodes 195

48 Analysis of the Output and Switching Characteristics of Power MOSFETs 199

49 Short–Channel Effects in MOSFETs 201

50 Gallium–Nitride Semiconductor: Material Properties 205

APPENDICES 209

A Design Equations for Continuous–Conduction Mode 211

B Design Equations for Discontinuous–Conduction Mode 215

C Simulation Tools 219

D MOSFET Parameters 231

E Diode Parameters 233

F Selected MOSFETs Spice Models 235

G Selected Diodes Spice Models 237

H Physical Constants 239

I Format of Lab Report 241

Index 245

  Marian K. Kazimierczuk, Wright State University, Ohio, USA Marian K. Kazimierczuk is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Wright State University s Department of Electrical Engineering. He has taught graduate courses in high–frequency electronics for 30 years and his research interests include: RF power amplifiers, power electronics, high–frequency magnetics and renewable energy sources. He has published seven books, over 160 journal papers and over 200 conference papers. Marian K. Kazimierczuk also holds seven patents, is an IEEE Fellow and serves as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems and International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications.  Agasthya Ayachit, Wright State University, Ohio, USA Agasthya Ayachit is a Graduate Teaching Assistant in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Wright State University working towards his PhD. In this position he has been teaching the following labs: (1) Power Electronics I (power stages of PWM converters and semiconductor power devices), (2) Power Electronics II (modelling and control of PWM converters), (3) High–Frequency Magnetic Components, and (4) Radio–Frequency Power Amplifiers. He graduated with his Masters degree from Wright State University in 2011 after which he served as a lecturer at Pennsylvania State University for one year where he taught Micro–electronics, power electronics and VLSI courses.