Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

GOLD–STANDARD TREATMENT OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS, WITH COVERAGE OF THE LATEST ADVANCES IN THE FIELD

Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics is the definitive guide to this complex topic, from one of the world′s leading experts in the field. Professor Adrian Bejan provides authoritative guidance on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, with a practical focus on applications within engineering fields. Expanding on the basic information covered in most textbooks, this book offers in–depth analysis and expert insight on the more advanced aspects of heat, energy, and work.

This new fourth edition includes coverage of the latest developments, including recent advances in energy storage, distributed energy systems, entropy generation minimization, and other industrial applications to highlight the current state of the field. Designed to instruct the engineers of tomorrow, this book features:

Condensed introductory chapters that allow students to quickly review the fundamentals before diving into practical applications Direct links between thermodynamics and engineering topics including solar energy, refrigeration, chemical design, thermofluid design, and more Sustainability design and policy integrated throughout the text to provide real–world context for thermodynamics applications Exploration of the latest developments and emerging technologies related to thermodynamics optimization Additional problems, including worked problems that provide direct reference for homework and practice Analyses, essays, history, and graphics that work seamlessly together to explain advanced topics in thermodynamics

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xvii

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxi

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION xxv

PREFACE xxix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvii

1 THE FIRST LAW 1

1.1 Terminology, 1

1.2 Closed Systems, 4

1.3 Work Transfer, 7

1.4 Heat Transfer, 12

1.5 Energy Change, 16

1.6 Open Systems, 18

1.7 History, 23

References, 31

Problems, 33

2 THE SECOND LAW 39

2.1 Closed Systems, 39

2.2 Open Systems, 54

2.3 Local Equilibrium, 56

2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum, 57

2.5 Carathéodory s Two Axioms, 62

2.6 A Heat Transfer Man s Two Axioms, 71

2.7 History, 77

References, 78

Problems, 80

3 ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION 95

3.1 Lost Available Work, 96

3.2 Cycles, 102

3.3 Nonflow Processes, 109

3.4 Steady–Flow Processes, 113

3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation, 119

3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization, 126

References, 132

Problems, 133

4 SINGLE–PHASE SYSTEMS 140

4.1 Simple System, 140

4.2 Equilibrium Conditions, 141

4.3 The Fundamental Relation, 146

4.4 Legendre Transforms, 154

4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties, 163

4.6 Partial Molal Properties, 179

4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures, 183

4.8 Real Gas Mixtures, 186

References, 189

Problems, 190

5 EXERGY ANALYSIS 195

5.1 Nonflow Systems, 195

5.2 Flow Systems, 198

5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis, 201

5.4 Air Conditioning, 203

References, 210

Problems, 210

6 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 213

6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle, 213

6.2 The Stability of a Simple System, 219

6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States, 224

6.4 Phase Diagrams, 236

6.5 Corresponding States, 247

References, 264

Problems, 266

7 CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS 271

7.1 Equilibrium, 271

7.2 Irreversible Reactions, 287

7.3 Steady–Flow Combustion, 295

7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels, 316

7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume, 320

References, 324

Problems, 325

8 POWER GENERATION 328

8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint, 328

8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream, 332

8.3 External Irreversibilities, 338

8.4 Internal Irreversibilities, 344

8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants, 352

8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants, 366

8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants, 376

References, 379

Problems, 381

9 SOLAR POWER 394

9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation, 394

9.2 Reversible Processes, 403

9.3 Irreversible Processes, 404

9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation, 413

9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area, 424

9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors, 431

9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant, 436

9.8 Climate, 438

9.9 Self–Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation, 449

References, 453

Problems, 455

10 REFRIGERATION 461

10.1 Joule Thomson Expansion, 461

10.2 Work–Producing Expansion, 468

10.3 Brayton Cycle, 471

10.4 Intermediate Cooling, 477

10.5 Liquefaction, 492

10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak, 502

10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration, 509

References, 518

Problems, 521

11 ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 531

11.1 Competing Irreversibilities, 531

11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers, 543

11.3 Storage Systems, 555

11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization, 570

11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law, 583

References, 592

Problems, 595

12 IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS 601

12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces, 602

12.2 Linearized Relations, 606

12.3 Reciprocity Relations, 607

12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena, 610

12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media, 625

12.6 Mass Diffusion, 635

References, 640

Problems, 642

13 THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW 646

13.1 Evolution, 646

13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law, 649

13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems, 655

13.4 Animate Flow Systems, 673

13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale, 689

13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting, 691

13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization, 693

13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes, 697

13.9 The Arrow of Time, 699

References, 702

Problems, 706

APPENDIX 725

Constants, 725

Mathematical Formulas, 726

Variational Calculus, 727

Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States, 728

Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States, 729

Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum, 729

References, 730

SYMBOLS 731

INDEX 741

ADRIAN BEJAN is the J.A. Jones Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Duke University, and an internationally–recognized authority on thermodynamics. The father of the field of design in nature or constructal law, which accounts for the universal natural tendency of all flow systems to evolve freely toward easier flow access, his research covers a broad range of topics in thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, convection, and porous media. Professor Bejan has been awarded eighteen honorary doctorates by universities in eleven countries, and is the recipient of numerous awards including the Max Jacob Memorial Award (ASME & AIChE), the Worcester Reed Warner Medal (ASME), and the Ralph Coats Roe Award (ASEE). The author of over 630 journal articles, he is considered one of the 100 most–cited engineering researchers of all disciplines, in all countries.