Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common acute cardiovascular disease after acute myocardial infarction and stroke. This fully updated third edition supplies the latest information on epidemiology, methods of diagnosis, preferred diagnostic pathways, new medications including the new anticoagulants, and new recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of pulmonary embolism and its immediate cause, deep vein thrombosis.

An essential and comprehensive resource for physicians and allied professionals in the field of this difficult–to–diagnose and life threatening condition Highly illustrated with numerous tables and graphs alongside clear concise text Includes chapters addressing pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in relation to diseases and disorders such as; chronic heart failure, cancer, diabetes, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and many more Discusses the role the different tools in imaging for PE, including, echocardiography, multidetector computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), ventilation–perfusion (V–Q) imaging, dual energy CT, and magnetic resonance angiography Contains 29 new chapters and includes new content on epidemiology of deep venous thrombosis; use of the new anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) for DVT and PE; indications and results with thrombolytic therapy and with vena cava filters; and information and indications for invasive mechanical thrombectomy Written by an internationally recognized and respected expert in the field

This book is a dependable and well referenced resource for in–depth information about pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Praise for previous editions

"I would recommend this book to all physicians looking after patients with venous thromboembolism .The single author style has the advantage of a consistent format and lack of repetition, and the book is very well written." (Cardiology News, December 2008)

Paul Stein has used his vast knowledge and perspective to organize [t]his definitive text .In this long–awaited second edition he builds on the knowledge base regarding this common and yet often misdiagnosed condition. This text fills a gap in the knowledge–base of the physician, nurse, or therapist who cares for patients with pulmonary embolism. By using a clear and organized format with many graphs and diagrams, Stein provides detailed information beyond the scope of an online review, but in a readily searchable and easily accessible format. Stein does a nice job of explaining the challenges of using intermediate end points in the assessment of efficacy. Stein is clearly one of the world s experts, and this far–reaching volume is a pleasure to read. (Respiratory Care, September 2008)

This textbook is cohesive, tightly organized, and has no repetition It is beautifully illustrated [and] is my go to source for rapid reference. (Journal of Interventional Cardiology)

"An excellent contribution to the relevant contemporary literature I enjoyed reading the book and recommend it to my colleagues." (World Journal of Surgery)

CHAPTER 1 Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis at autopsy

CHAPTER 2 Incidence of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients and in emergency departments

CHAPTER 3 Case fatality rate and population mortality rate from pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 4 Prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism based on right ventricular enlargement and biochemical markers in stable patients

CHAPTER 5 Prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism based on scoring systems

CHAPTER 6 Pulmonary embolism following deep venous thrombosis and outcome with untreated pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 7 Resolution of pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 8 Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 9 Thromboembolic disease involving the superior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins

CHAPTER 10 Venous thromboembolic disease in the four seasons

CHAPTER 11 Regional differences in the United States of rates of diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis and mortality from pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 12 Venous thromboembolism according to age, and in the elderly

CHAPTER 13 Pulmonary thromboembolism in infants and children

CHAPTER 14 Venous thromboembolism in men and women

CHAPTER 15 Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in blacks and whites

CHAPTER 16 Pulmonary thromboembolism in Asians/Pacific Islanders

CHAPTER 17 Pulmonary thromboembolism in American Indians and Alaskan Natives

CHAPTER 18 Venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer

CHAPTER 19 Venous thromboembolism in patients with heart failure

CHAPTER 20 Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism

CHAPTER 21 Hypertension, smoking and cholesterol

CHAPTER 22 Overlap of venous and arterial thrombosis risk factors

CHAPTER 23 Venous thromboembolism in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

CHAPTER 24 Paradoxical embolism

CHAPTER 25 Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CHAPTER 26 Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients with asthma

CHAPTER 27 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease

CHAPTER 28 Diabetes mellitus and risk of venous thromboembolism

CHAPTER 29 Risk of venous thromboembolism with rheumatoid arthritis

CHAPTER 30 Venous thromboembolism with inflammatory bowel disease

CHAPTER 31 Venous Thromboembolism with Chronic Liver Disease

CHAPTER 32 Nephrotic syndrome

CHAPTER 33 Human immunodeficiency virus infection

CHAPTER 34 Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

CHAPTER 35 Amniotic fluid embolism

CHAPTER 36 Air travel as a risk for pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 37 Estrogen–containing oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism

CHAPTER 38 Estrogen and Testosterone in Men

CHAPTER 39 Tamoxifen

CHAPTER 40 Venous thromboembolism following bariatric surgery

CHAPTER 41 Hypercoagulable syndrome

CHAPTER 42 Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: clinical evaluation

CHAPTER 43 Clinical scoring system for assessment of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 44 Clinical probability score plus single negative ultrasound for exclusion of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 45 D–dimer for the exclusion of acute deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 46 D–dimer combined with clinical probability assessment for exclusion of acute deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 47 D–dimer and single negative compression ultrasound for exclusion of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 48 Contrast venography

CHAPTER 49 Compression ultrasound for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 50 Impedance plethysmography and fibrinogen uptake tests for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 51 Ascending CT venography and venous phase CT venography for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 52 Magnetic resonance venography for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 53 P–selectin and microparticles to predict deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 54 Clinical characteristics of patients with no prior cardiopulmonary disease

CHAPTER 55 Relation of right–sided pressures to clinical characteristics of patients with no prior cardiopulmonary disease

CHAPTER 56 The history and physical examination in all patients irrespective of prior cardiopulmonary disease

CHAPTER 57 Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes

CHAPTER 58 Clinical assessment in the critically ill

CHAPTER 59 The electrocardiogram

CHAPTER 60 The plain chest radiograph

CHAPTER 61 Arterial blood gases and the alveolar arterial oxygen difference in acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 62 Fever in acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 63 Leukocytosis in acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 64 Alveolar dead–space in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 65 Empirical assessment and clinical models for diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 66 Prognostic models for pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 67 D–dimer for the exclusion of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 68 D–dimer combined with clinical probability for exclusion of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 69 D–dimer in combination with amino–terminal pro–B–type natriuretic peptide for exclusion of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 70 Tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor–1, and thrombin–antithrombin III complexes in the exclusion of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 71 Echocardiogram in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 72 Trends in the use of diagnostic imaging in patients hospitalized with acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 73 Techniques of perfusion and ventilation imaging

CHAPTER 74 Ventilation perfusion lung scan criteria for interpretation prior to the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED)

CHAPTER 75 Observations from PIOPED: ventilation perfusion lung scans alone and in combination with clinical assessment

CHAPTER 76 Ventilation perfusion lung scans according to complexity of lung disease

CHAPTER 77 Perfusion lung scans alone in acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 78 Probability interpretation of ventilation perfusion lung scans in relation to largest pulmonary arterial branches in which pulmonary embolism is observed

CHAPTER 79 Revised criteria for evaluation of lung scans recommended by nuclear physicians in PIOPED

CHAPTER 80 Criteria for very low probability interpretation of ventilation perfusion lung scans

CHAPTER 81 Probability assessment based on the number of mismatched segmental equivalent perfusion defects

CHAPTER 82 Probability assessment based on the number of mismatched vascular defects and stratification according to prior cardiopulmonary disease

CHAPTER 83 The addition of clinical assessment to stratification according to prior cardiopulmonary disease further optimizes the interpretation of ventilation perfusion lung scans

CHAPTER 84 Pulmonary scintigraphy scans since PIOPED

CHAPTER 85 Single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) lung scans

CHAPTER 86 SPECT with radiolabeled markers

CHAPTER 87 Standard and augmented techniques in pulmonary angiography

CHAPTER 88 Subsegmental pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 89 Quantification of pulmonary emboli by conventional and CT angiography

CHAPTER 90 Complications of pulmonary angiography

CHAPTER 91 Contrast–enhanced spiral CT for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism before the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis

CHAPTER 92 Methods of PIOPED II

CHAPTER 93 Multidetector spiral CT of the chest for acute pulmonary embolism: results of the PIOPED II trial

CHAPTER 94 Multidetector CT pulmonary angiography since PIOPED II

CHAPTER 95 Outcome studies of pulmonary embolism versus accuracy

CHAPTER 96 Contrast–induced nephropathy

CHAPTER 97 Radiation exposure and risk

CHAPTER 98 Magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 100 Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism in the Coronary Care Unit

CHAPTER 101 Silent Pulmonary Embolism with Deep Venous Thrombosis

CHAPTER 102 Fat Embolism Syndrome

CHAPTER 103 Diagnostic approach to acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 104 Warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists

CHAPTER 105 Unfractionated heparin, low–molecular–weight heparin, heparinoid and pentasaccharide

CHAPTER 106 Parenteral inhibitors of factors Va, VIIIa, tissue factor and thrombin

CHAPTER 107 Novel oral anticoagulants

CHAPTER 108 Aspirin for venous thromboembolism

CHAPTER 109 Immediate therapeutic levels of heparin in relation to timing of recurrent events

CHAPTER 110 Intermittent pneumatic compression

CHAPTER 111 Graduated compression stockings

CHAPTER 112 Ankle exercise and venous blood velocity

CHAPTER 113 Thrombolytic therapy for deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 114 Mechanical and ultrasonic enhancement of catheter–directed thrombolytic therapy for deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 115 Thrombolytic therapy for treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 116 Catheter–tip embolectomy in the management of acute massive pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 117 Vena cava filters

CHAPTER 118 Withholding treatment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism who have a high risk of bleeding provided and negative serial noninvasive leg tests

CHAPTER 119 Home treatment of deep venous thrombosis

CHAPTER 120 Home treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

CHAPTER 121 Pulmonary embolectomy

CHAPTER 122 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy

CHAPTER 123 Prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism: American College of Chest Physicians Guidelines

Paul D. Stein MD,Professor of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.

Dr. Stein′s major research in recent years has been in the field of venous thromboembolism. Dr. Stein initiated the PIOPED II and PIOPED III national collaborative studies and was national principal investigator and chairperson of the steering committees. He has written over 240 articles on venous thromboembolism from among over 560 peer reviewed articles. Dr Stein is a past president of the Laennec Society and of the American College of Chest Physicians. He is Fellow of the American College of Physicians and the American College of Cardiology and a Master Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians. He is also a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Fellowship is reserved for those who have made a significant contribution to the field of mechanical engineering. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Heart Association Midwest Affiliate, the Laureate Award of the American College of Physicians, Michigan Chapter, the Daniel Drake Award from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Research Excellence Award from the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine.  Dr. Stein also wrote a book, A Physical and Physiological Basis for the Interpretation of Cardiac Auscultation:  Evaluations Based Primarily on Second Sound and Ejection Murmurs.