Aircraft Control and Simulation: Dynamics, Controls Design, and Autonomous Systems

THE ESSENTIAL AIRCRAFT ANALYSIS REFERENCE, UPDATED WITH THE FIELD′S LATEST TECHNOLOGY

Aircraft Control and Simulation provides comprehensive, expert–led guidance to the topic, accessible to both students and professionals involved in the design and modeling of aerospace vehicles. Updated to include new coverage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, this new third edition has been expanded throughout to cover the latest advances in the field.

The material progresses steadily from motion and aerodynamics equations through advanced control methods, using detailed real–world examples with model software details provided. Fundamental principles give way to dynamic analysis, stability evaluation, multivariable control, and more, including geodesy and the gravitational theory behind suborbital aircraft.

Special features in this updated edition include:

Up–to–date coverage of flight control systems, flight dynamics, aircraft modeling, and flight simulation, based on both classical design and modern techniques Two new chapters that explore the modeling, simulation, and adaptive control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Comprehensive control design and simulation examples, including relevant MATLAB calculations and FORTRAN code

Supplementary instructor materials ease this book into any aerospace curriculum, and the comprehensive coverage provides an excellent resource for students and professionals alike. Aircraft Control and Simulation is the essential reference for anyone involved in aerospace modeling and design.

Preface xi

1 The Kinematics and Dynamics of Aircraft Motion 1

1.1 Introduction / 1

1.2 Vector Operations / 3

1.3 Matrix Operations on Vector Coordinates / 7

1.4 Rotational Kinematics / 16

1.5 Translational Kinematics / 20

1.6 Geodesy, Coordinate Systems, Gravity / 23

1.7 Rigid–Body Dynamics / 34

1.8 Advanced Topics / 44

References / 58

Problems / 59

2 Modeling the Aircraft 63

2.1 Introduction / 63

2.2 Basic Aerodynamics / 64

2.3 Aircraft Forces And Moments / 75

2.4 Static Analysis / 101

2.5 The Nonlinear Aircraft Model / 108

2.6 Linear Models And The Stability Derivatives / 116

2.7 Summary / 137

References / 138

Problems / 139

3 Modeling, Design, and Simulation Tools 142

3.1 Introduction / 142

3.2 State–Space Models / 144

3.3 Transfer Function Models / 155

3.4 Numerical Solution Of The State Equations / 170

3.5 Aircraft Models For Simulation / 179

3.6 Steady–State Flight / 185

3.7 Numerical Linearization / 199

3.8 Aircraft Dynamic Behavior / 205

3.9 Feedback Control / 213

3.10 Summary / 241

References / 241

Problems / 243

4 Aircraft Dynamics and Classical Control Design 250

4.1 Introduction / 250

4.2 Aircraft Rigid–Body Modes / 257

4.3 The Handling–Qualities Requirements / 274

4.4 Stability Augmentation / 287

4.5 Control Augmentation Systems / 303

4.6 Autopilots / 322

4.7 Nonlinear Simulation / 344

4.8 Summary / 371

References / 372

Problems / 374

5 Modern Design Techniques 377

5.1 Introduction / 377

5.2 Assignment Of Closed–Loop Dynamics / 381

5.3 Linear Quadratic Regulator With Output Feedback / 397

5.4 Tracking A Command / 413

5.5 Modifying The Performance Index / 428

5.6 Model–Following Design / 455

5.7 Linear Quadratic Design With Full State Feedback / 470

5.8 Dynamic Inversion Design / 477

5.9 Summary / 492

References / 492

Problems / 495

6 Robustness and Multivariable Frequency–Domain Techniques 500

6.1 Introduction / 500

6.2 Multivariable Frequency–Domain Analysis / 502

6.3 Robust Output–Feedback Design / 525

6.4 Observers And The Kalman Filter / 529

6.5 Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery / 554

6.6 Summary / 577

References / 578

Problems / 580

7 Digital Control 584

7.1 Introduction / 584

7.2 Simulation Of Digital Controllers / 585

7.3 Discretization Of Continuous Controllers / 588

7.4 Modified Continuous Design / 598

7.5 Implementation Considerations / 611

7.6 Summary / 619

References / 620

Problems / 620

8 Modeling and Simulation of Miniature Aerial Vehicles 623

8.1 Introduction / 623

8.2 Propeller/Rotor Forces And Moments / 630

8.3 Modeling Rotor Flapping / 640

8.4 Motor Modeling / 645

8.5 Small Aerobatic Airplane Model / 648

8.6 Quadrotor Model / 654

8.7 Small Helicopter Model / 655

8.8 Summary / 660

References / 661

Problems / 661

9 Adaptive Control With Application to Miniature Aerial Vehicles 664

9.1 Introduction / 664

9.2 Model Reference Adaptive Control Based On Dynamic Inversion / 665

9.3 Neural Network Adaptive Control / 668

9.4 Limited Authority Adaptive Control / 674

9.5 Neural Network Adaptive Control Example / 680

9.6 Summary / 709

References / 709

Problems / 711

Appendix A F–16 Model 714

Appendix B Software 723

Index 733

BRIAN L. STEVENS is a retired Senior Research Engineer from the Georgia Institute of Technology Research Institute, where he continues to teach classes in Guidance, Navigation, and Control.

FRANK L. LEWIS is a Distinguished Scholar Professor, Distinguished Teaching Professor, and Moncrief–O′Donnell Chair at the University of Texas at Arlington Research Institute.

ERIC N. JOHNSON is the Lockheed Martin Associate Professor of Avionics Integration, Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology.