New England Beyond Criticism: In Defense of America’s First Literature

Literary criticism of the past thirty years has undercut what the canonizers of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries saw as the fundamental role of early New England in the development of American literary culture. And yet, a determination in literary circles to topple perceived Ivy League elitism and Protestant cultural creationism, overlooks the continuing value, beauty, and even practical utility of a canon still cherished by lay readers around the world. This manifesto raises questions about how academic specialization and the academic study of New England has affected enthusiasm for reading. Using a range of interpretive practices, including those most often deployed by contemporary academic critics, Elisa New cuts across firmly established subfields, mixing literary exegesis with autobiographical reflection, close reading with cultural history, archival and antiquarian inquiry with experiments in style, and lays bare editorial orthodoxies, raising to question the whole hierarchy of values now governing the study of American and other literatures. Taking New England as a test case for a wider more accessible set of critical practices, New England Beyond Criticism demands that the domain of literary study be opened further to the tastes of the general reader.

Acknowledgments vii 1 Introduction: New England Beyond Criticism 1 Part I Excitations: Protestant Ups and Downs 21 2 Variety as Religious Experience: Four Case Studies: Dickinson, Edwards, Taylor, and Cotton 23 3 The Popularity of Doom: From Wigglesworth, Poe, and Stowe through The Da Vinci Code 47 4 “I Take—No Less than Skies—”: Dickinson’s Flights 75 Part II Congregations: Rites of Assembly 103 5 Lost in the Woods Again: Coming Home to Wilderness in Bradford, Thoreau, Frost, and Bishop 105 6 Growing Up a Goodman: Hawthorne’s Way 140 7 “Shall Not Perish from the Earth”: The Counting of Souls in Jewett, Du Bois, E.A. Robinson, and Frost 160 8 Disinheriting New England: Robert Lowell’s Reformations 201 Part III Matriculations: In Academic Terms 225 9 Winter at the Corner of Quincy and Harvard: The Brothers James 227 10 Upon a Peak in Beinecke: The Beauty of the Book in the Poetry of Susan Howe 235 11 Balm for the Prodigal: Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead 265 12 A Fable for Critics: Autobiographical Epilogue 279 Index 308

Elisa New is Powell M. Cabot Professor of American Literature and Language at Harvard University. She is the author of The Regenerate Lyric: Theology and Innovation in American Poetry (2009), Jacob’s Cane: A Jewish Family’s Journey From the Four Lands of Lithuania to the Ports of London and Baltimore (2009 and 2011), and The Lines Eye: Poetic Experience, American Sight (1999).