Handbook of Public Administration

PRAISE FOR HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

"Public administration in today′s era of governance faces big challenges, including leadership competency, accountability, evidence–based policy delivery, and public trust. The third edition of the Handbook of Public Administration provides much–needed coverage of the theory and practice to help address these contemporary concerns. It is a must–read for anyone involved in public administration at the local, national, and global levels."
Dr. Soonhee Kim, professor, Public Management, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Republic of Korea

"The third edition of this handbook will become a classic. Perry and Christensen rightly assume that ′public administration′ is not static but instead a dynamic verb, which they conjugate actively as in governing, building, developing, sharpening, embracing, becoming, enacting, advancing, tracking, and professionalizing. By doing this, academic and practitioner activism become two sides of the same public sector coin."
Prof. Dr. Geert Bouckaert, professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven Instituut voor de Overheid – Public Governance Institute, Belgium; and president, International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)

"I benefited enormously from the first edition of this book as a student: it offered the best overview of a complex field. Almost twenty years later things have grown considerably more complex, reflected by a mix of new forms of governance, greater skepticism toward the state, and new technologies. The new Handbook is up to the task of helping both the student and scholar understand this world indeed, it reclaims its status as the best overview of the field."
Dr. Donald P. Moynihan, professor, Public Affairs, Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin–Madison; and president–elect, Public Management Research Association (PMRA)

"This is a book that every public administration student should read. With an elite group of contributors, it offers a comprehensive, advanced, balanced, and state–of–the–art coverage on how to become competent administrators and build effective public enterprises in achieving public purposes in the 21st century. A book full of treasures!"
Dr. Kaifeng Yang, professor, Askew School of Public Administration and Policy, Florida State University; and International Adjunct Professor, Renmin University of China

"From matters of governing and building infrastructures for accountability to leading, managing, and professionalizingthe practice of public administration, this terrific book will more than satisfy its readers from both the world of practice as well as academe."
Dr. Walter D. Broadnax, distinguished professor, Public Administration and International Affairs, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University

"Edited by distinguished scholars, this Handbook provides comprehensive coverage of major research topics with up–to–date information about theory and evidence. It is an indispensable guide to the scope and practice of public administration, and it is essential reading for all of those interested in how public organizations work."
Dr. Lotte Bøgh Andersen, professor, Department of Political Science and Government, Aarhus University, Danish Institute of Governmental Research

"The new edition of the Handbook of Public Administration will serve as an essential source for public administration courses and as a key starting–point for new research in the field."
Dr. Steve Kelman, Weatherhead Professor of Public Management, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; and editor, International Public Management Journal

Foreword xvii

Paul A. Volcker

Preface xxi
James L. Perry and Robert K. Christensen

The Editors xxvii

The Contributors xxxi

Acknowledgments xlvii

PART ONE: GOVERNING FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION 1

1 Governing in an Age of Transformation 5
Donald F. Kettl

The Changing Environment 6

Transformation 11

From the Administrative State to Stateless Administration 19

Summary 21

2 The Changing Character of the American IntergovernmentalSystem 23
Laurence J. O Toole Jr.

Knowledge about Effective Practice 25

Implications 35

Summary 36

3 Governance in an Era of Partnerships 38
Barbara C. Crosby, Melissa M. Stone, and John M. Bryson

Clarifying Terms 40

The Environment and Its Effects on Collaborations 42

Environmental Effects on a Collaboration s GovernanceProcesses and Structures 47

Implications 51

Summary 53

4 Governing in a Global Context 55
Jonathan G. S. Koppell

Organizational Responses to Globalization 56

Public Administration in the Age of Globalization 63

Implications of Transnational Organization Design for PublicAdministration and Management 68

Summary 69

PART TWO: BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURES FOR ACCOUNTABILITY73

5 Understanding How Public Law Reinforces AdministrativeResponsibility 77
Phillip J. Cooper

Contemporary Challenges and Classic Issues 78

Classic Conceptions and Contemporary Governance 81

Public Law Responsibility in Different Forms in Today sContext 83

Law s Meaning at Two Critically Important Levels:Effective Practice and Legitimacy 89

Summary 95

6 Advancing Good Government through Fighting Corruption97
Milena I. Neshkova and Allan Rosenbaum

Definition, Forms, and Consequences of Corruption 99

Theories of Corruption 101

Empirical Evidence on Corruption 107

Strategies for Reducing Corruption 111

Summary 118

7 Using Transparency to Reinforce Responsibility andResponsiveness 120
Gregory A. Porumbescu and Tobin Im

Knowledge about Effective Practice 121

Research Findings and Evidence about Effective Practice 124

Judgments about Effective Practice Grounded in AdministrativeExperience 130

Implications 134

Summary 135

8 Using Public Participation to Enhance Citizen Voice andPromote Accountability 137
Tina Nabatchi, Jack Alexander Becker, and MattLeighninger

Understanding Accountability 138

Understanding Public Participation 140

Summary 150

PART THREE: IMPLEMENTING POLICY USING TOOLS OF COLLECTIVEACTION 153

9 Developing Effective Relations with Legislatures157
Anne M. Khademian and Fatima Sparger Sharif

The Context of Legislative Liaison Work 159

Structural and Procedural Elements of Managing LegislativeRelations 163

Strategic and Tactical Elements of Managing LegislativeInitiatives: No Surprises 170

Summary 179

10 Designing Effective Programs 180
Michael Howlett, Ishani Mukherjee, and Jeremy Rayner

Components of Public Policy and Effective Program Design 181

Policy Programs and Policy Design: A Short History 184

Principles for Designing Programs: Policy–Program Linkages (I)187

Principles for Designing Programs: Program–Measure Linkages (II)191

Summary 195

11 Using Grants to Achieve Public Purposes 197
Sean Nicholson–Crotty

Scope and Mechanisms of the Grant–in–Aid System 198

The Politics of Grant Distribution 201

Managing Federal Grants–in–Aid 204

Summary 212

12 Contracting in Pursuit of Public Purposes 215
Zachary S. Huitink, David M. Van Slyke, and Trevor L.Brown

Fundamentals 217

Outlook 231

Conclusion 233

Summary 234

13 Coproducing Public Services with Service Users,Communities, and the Third Sector 235
Tony Bovaird and Elke Loeffler

What We Know about Effective Practice in Coproduction 238

Implications 247

Summary 249

14 Advancing Public Good through Entrepreneurship251
Wolfgang Bielefeld

Knowledge about Effective Practice 252

Research Findings 255

Implications 268

Summary 269

PART FOUR: MANAGING FOR PUBLIC PERFORMANCE 271

15 Leading Public Organizations Strategically 275
Richard M. Walker, Chan Su Jung, and Gong–Rok Kim

Knowledge about Effective Strategy Content Practices 277

Research Findings 280

Implications 288

Summary 291

16 Managing Effective Collaborations 293
Michael McGuire and Chris Silvia

Collaborative Public Management 295

Managing Awareness 298

Managing Boundaries 300

Managing Constraints 302

Managing Deliberations 305

Managing External Constituencies 307

Summary 309

17 Tracking the Quality of Services 312
Harry P. Hatry

The Brief History and Limitations of Service Quality Measurement313

Need for Multiple Types of Performance Indicators 314

Sources of Data and Data Collection Procedures 316

Improving the Usefulness of Performance Measurement Systems320

Uses for Service Quality Information 328

Problems in Performance Measurement 329

Role of Ad Hoc Program Evaluations 330

Summary 331

18 Evaluating the Performance of Public Programs333
Kathryn E. Newcomer

Context for Evaluation of Government Performance 335

Evaluation Practice in the Twentieth–First Century 339

Using Evaluation to Improve Performance 347

Summary 351

19 Motivating Employees Using Public Service 353
Wouter Vandenabeele and Nina Mari Van Loon

Theories and Evidence about Public Service Motivation 354

Research Findings and Evidence 358

Implications and Application: Harnessing the Power of PublicService Motivation 363

Summary 365

20 Realizing the Promise of Diversity 366
David W. Pitts and Sarah E. Towne

Defining and Understanding Organizational Diversity 367

Frameworks for Understanding Organizational Diversity and WorkOutcomes 369

Strategies for Managing Organizational Diversity 373

Evolving Research on Diversity and Inclusion 376

Future Directions for Research and Practice 379

Summary 381

21 Understanding and Overcoming Resistance to OrganizationalChange 382
Sergio Fernandez

Resistance to Change 383

Sources of Resistance to Change 386

Overcoming Resistance to Change 392

Summary 396

PART FIVE: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS399

22 Performance Budgeting 403
Alfred Tat–Kei Ho

Performance Budgeting Practices around the World 404

Institutional and Organizational Constraints on PerformanceBudgeting Practices 407

Implications for Performance Budgeting Design and Practices411

Summary 414

23 Designing and Administering Revenue Systems 416
Yilin Hou

Government Revenues 417

Reliable Revenue Systems 418

Patterns and Trends of Revenue Systems 419

Evaluation Criteria of Revenue Systems 419

Recent Research and Empirical Evidence about the Criteria423

Revenue System Administration 427

Improving Current Systems 429

Summary 434

24 Managing E–Government 436
M. Jae Moon and Eric W. Welch

Advances in Theories and E–Government Studies 437

Advances in E–Government Practice 443

Moving toward E–Governance for Open, Collaborative, andIntegrative Government 450

Critical Success Factors for the Management of E–Government453

Summary 455

25 Designing Social Media Strategies and Policies456
Ines Mergel

Distinguishing Types of Social Media Tools 459

Current Social Media Practices in the Public Sector 461

Designing a Social Media Strategy and Policy 462

Managerial Challenges for Implementing Social Media in thePublic Sector 467

Summary 468

26 Compensating Public Sector Employees 469
Jared J. Llorens

The Unique Context of Public Sector Compensation 470

The Case of the US Federal Government 472

Challenges for Practice and Research 481

Practical Guidance for Public Managers and Policymakers 482

Summary 484

PART SIX: SHARPENING THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR S SKILLSET 487

27 Enacting Collective Leadership in a Shared–Power World489
Sonia M. Ospina and Erica Gabrielle Foldy

Collective Leadership and Democratic Governance: What We Know490

Enacting Collective Leadership: What Research Tells Us 495

Enacting Collective Leadership inside Organizations 495

Enacting Collective Leadership in Complex, Shared–PowerEnvironments 497

Enacting Collective Leadership in Large Collaborative Networks499

Implications: Convergences and Cornerstones of CollectiveLeadership 502

Summary 506

28 Negotiating for the Public Good 508
Lisa Blomgren Amsler

What to Negotiate: Problems and Context 509

When to Negotiate and When Not To 509

Why Negotiate: Empirical Evidence on Practice 510

How to Negotiate: Tools and Skills to Prepare for and InitiateNegotiation 511

Principled or Interest–Based Negotiation and Positional or HardBargaining 519

How Not to Negotiate and How to Recognize Hard Bargaining524

Summary 526

29 Becoming and Being an Effective Collaborator 528
Rosemary O Leary

Knowledge about Effective Practice 529

Common Themes in the Literature 530

Implications for Applying This Knowledge to PublicAdministration Practice 541

Summary 545

30 Communicating Effectively 546
James L. Garnett

Applying Knowledge about Effective Communication Practice547

Implications and Lessons from Hard Knocks Experience 559

Summary 562

31 Developing Intrapersonal Skills 564
Maria P. Aristigueta and Robert B. Denhardt

Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Skills 565

Developing Intrapersonal Skills 567

Practical Advice for Developing Intrapersonal Skills 573

Summary 577

PART SEVEN: PROFESSIONALIZING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PRACTICE579

32 Embracing Ethical Principles for Public Action583
Brian N. Williams

Reexamining the Historical Meaning of Public Service 585

How Best to Guard the Guardians? 588

Emerging Opportunities to Embrace Ethical Principles in PublicAction: A View from Below 591

Out of Darkness and into the Light: Implications for ConsistentEthical Actions 594

Conclusion 596

Summary 597

33 Understanding the Obligations of Codes of Ethics598
Liza Ireni–Saban

Codes of Ethics as Markers of Public Administration ProfessionalIdentity 600

Measuring the Effectiveness of Codes of Ethics in PublicAdministration 605

Assessing the Effective Implementation of Codes of Ethics inPublic Administration 607

Comparative Analysis of Codes of Ethics Implementation Efforts608

Summary 614

34 Understanding Your Liability as a Public Administrator616
Stephanie P. Newbold

Knowledge about Effective Practice 620

Implications 632

Summary 633

35 Effective Governance, Effective Administrators636
James L. Perry and Robert K. Christensen

What Distinguishes Effective Governance? 637

What Makes an Effective Public Administrator? 643

Public Administration as a Profession 648

References 650

Index 747