Corrosion Engineering

The most up–to–date and thorough coverage of corrosion engineering available Corrosion costs billions of dollars to each and every single economy in the world. Corrosion is a chemical process, and it is crucial to understand the dynamics from a chemical perspective before proceeding with analyses, designs and solutions from an engineering angle. The opposite is also true in the sense that scientists should take into consideration the contemporary aspects of the issue as it relates to daily life before proceeding with specifically designed theoretical solutions. Corrosion Engineering is recommended to both theoreticians and practitioners of corrosion study alike. Corrosion engineering is a joint discipline associated primarily with major engineering sciences such as chemical engineering, civil engineering, petroleum engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering, and others. Corrosion engineering also plays a fundamental role in scientific disciplines such as chemistry, physics, biology, and microbiology. Corrosion Engineering is a must–have reference book that covers the corrosion process with respect to both its scientific and engineering aspects. It is also a valuable textbook that can be used in engineering or scientific courses on corrosion at the university level. Some of the benefits included in Corrosion Engineering: The theory of corrosion is given with a broad definition of corrosion, including factors affecting the corrosion processes and the types of corrosion, based on corrosion mechanisms and the media along with characteristics of metal alloys that are commonly used and liable to corrosion. The nature of protective metal oxide films are explained along with aggressive chemical anions that disintegrate these metal oxide films. Major corrosion prevention methods are explained that are anodic and cathodic chemical inhibitors, and protective coatings. Corrosion prevention methods in engineering sciences such as cathodic protection are discussed with a focus on steel and concrete structures that relate to mostly civil and petroleum engineering. READERSHIP: Corrosion scientists, chemists and chemical engineers, material scientists, civil engineers, petroleum engineers, metallurgical engineers, mechanical engineers, mining engineers, agricultural engineers, and electrical engineers may benefit from the content within this book. It is also a must–have for students and professors in engineering, materials, and chemistry.

Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Corrosion of Materials 1 1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 2 1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 3 1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 4 2 Cost of Corrosion 21 2.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 22 2.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 22 2.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 22 2.4 Contamination of the Product 23 2.5 Maintenance Costs 23 2.6 Overprotective Measures 23 3 Factors Influencing Corrosion 25 3.1 Nature of the Metal 27 3.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 29 4 Corrosion Mechanisms 35 4.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 35 4.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 38 4.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 41 5 Types of Corrosion 43 5.1 Uniform Corrosion 43 5.2 Non–Uniform Corrosion 56 6 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 83 6.1 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) 84 6.2 Passivity 85 6.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 87 6.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 89 6.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 91 6.6 Polarization 93 6.7 Polarization Curves 96 7 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 101 7.1 Proper Design 103 7.2 Choice of Material 105 7.3 Protective Coatings 109 7.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 124 7.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 147 8 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 171 8.1 Concrete’s Chemical Composition 172 8.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 173 8.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 174 8.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 183 8.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 186 9 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 9.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 192 9.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 195 10 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 199 10.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 201 10.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 211 10.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 214 11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 217 11.1 Water Pipeline Systems 217 11.2 Cooling Water Systems 221 11.3 Potable Water Tanks 222 11.4 Boilers 222 11.5 Geothermal Systems 229 References 231 Index 263

Dr. Volkan Cicek is a chemist and corrosion scientist who received his B.Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. A former dean of academics and vice principal at several American public schools over the years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.