GPS Satellite Surveying

THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE, UP–TO–DATE GUIDE ON GPS TECHNOLOGY FOR SURVEYING

Three previous editions have established GPS Satellite Surveying as the definitive industry reference. Now fully updated and expanded to reflect the newest developments in the field, this Fourth Edition features cutting–edge information on GNSS antennas, precise point positioning, real–time relative positioning, lattice reduction, and much more. Expert authors examine additional tools and applications, offering complete coverage of geodetic surveying using satellite technologies.

The past decade has seen a major evolution in surveying technology. This comprehensive guide covers best practices and preferred methods, helping you:

Get fully up to speed on the latest GPS/GNSS developments Explore the characteristics of satellite systems Understand how satellite technology is used in surveying Work with real–time kinematics relative positioning Examine in–depth information on adjustments and geodesy Learn the fundamentals of positioning, lattice adjustment, antennas, and more

GPS Satellite Surveying, Fourth Edition, offers reliable, up–to–date guidance for surveyors, transportation and civil engineers, geologists, geographers, technicians, and students.

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Least–Squares Adjustments

2.1 Elementary Considerations

2.2 Stochastic and Mathematical Models

2.3 Mixed Model

2.4 Sequential Mixed Model

2.5 Model Specifications

2.6 Minimal and Inner Constraints

2.7 Statistics in Least–Squares Adjustment

2.8 Reliability

2.9 Blunder Detection

2.10 Examples

2.11 Kalman Filtering

Chapter 3 Recursive Least Squares

3.1 Static Parameter

3.2 Static Parameters and Arbitrary Time–Varying Variables

3.3 Dynamic Constraints

3.4 Static Parameters and Dynamic Constraints

3.5 Static Parameter, Parameters Subject to Dynamic Constraints,and Arbitrary Time–Varying Parameters

Chapter 4 Geodesy

4.1 International Terrestrial Reference Frame

4.2 International Celestial Reference System

4.3 Datum

4.4 3D Geodetic Model

4.5 Ellipsoidal Model

4.6 Conformal Mapping Model

4.7 Summary

Chapter 5 Satellite Systems

5.1 Motion of Satellites

5.2 GPS Global Positioning System

5.3 GLONASS

5.4 Galileo

5.5 QZSS

5.6 BeiDou

5.7 IRNSS

5.8 SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN, MSAS, and SDCM

Chapter 6 GNSS Positioning Approaches

6.1 Observables

6.2  Operational Details

6.3 Navigation Solution

6.4 Relative Positioning

6.5 Ambiguity Fixing  

6.6 Network–Supported Positioning

6.7 Triple–Frequency Solutions

6.8 Summary

Chapter 7 Real–Time Kinematics Relative Positioning

7.1 Multi–System Considerations

7.2 Undifferenced and Across–Receiver Difference Observations

7.3 Linearization and Hardware Bias Parameterization

7.4 RTK Algorithm for Static and Short Baselines

7.5 RTK Algorithm for Kinematic Rovers and Short Baselines

7.6 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Short Baselines

7.7 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Long Baselines

7.8 RTK Algorithms with Changing Number of Signals

7.9 Cycle Slip Detection and Isolation

7.10 Across–Receiver Ambiguity Fixing

7.11 Software Implementation

Chapter 8 Troposphere and Ionosphere

8.1 Overview

8.2 Tropospheric Refraction and Delay

8.3 Troposphere Absorption

8.4 Ionospheric Refraction

Chapter 9

9.1 Elements of Electromagnetic Fields and ElectromagneticWaves

9.2 Antenna Pattern and Gain

9.3 Phase Center

9.4 Diffraction and Multipath

9.5 Transmission Lines

9.6 Signal to Noise Ratio

9.7 Antenna Types

Appendix A: General Background

A.1 Spherical Trigonometry

A.2 Rotation Matrices

A.3 Linear Algebra

A.4 Linearization

A.5 Statistics

Appendix B: The Ellipsoid

B.1 Geodetic Latitude, Longitude, and Height

B.2 Computation of the Ellipsoidal Surface

Appendix C: Conformal Mapping

C.1 Conformal Mapping of Planes

C.2 Conformal Mapping of General Surfaces

C.3 Isometric Plane

C.4  Popular Conformal Mappings

Appendix D: Vector Calculus and Delta Function

Appendix E: Electromagnetic Field generated by Arbitrary Sources,Magnetic Currents, Boundary Conditions, and Images

Appendix F: Diffraction over Half–Plane

Appendix G: Single Cavity Mode Approximation with Patch AntennaAnalysis

Appendix H: Patch Antennas with Artificial DielectricSubstrates

Appendix I: Convex Patch Array Geodetic Antenna

References

ALFRED LEICK, PHD, has served on the Board of Directors of the American Association of Geodetic Surveying. He currently lectures at Michigan Technological University and is the Editor–in–Chief of scholarly journal GPS Solutions.

LEV RAPOPORT, PHD, received Russia′s highest scientific degree, Doctor of Science, from the Institute of Control Sciences of the Russian Academy of Science, where he is now head of laboratory. He is also a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

DMITRY TATARNIKOV, PHD, received the Doctor of Science degree from Moscow Aviation Institute, where he is currently a professor. He is also the Chief of GNSS Antenna Design and Development for Topcon Technology Center.