Green Carbon Dioxide: Advances in CO2 Utilization

PROMISING NEW APPROACHES TO RECYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE AND REDUCE EMISSIONS With this book as their guide, readers will learn a variety of new approaches and methods to recycle and reuse carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to produce green fuels and chemicals and, at the same time, minimize CO 2 emissions. The authors demonstrate how to convert CO 2 into a broad range of essential products by using alternative green energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro–power as well as sustainable energy sources. Readers will discover that CO 2 can be a driving force for the sustainable future of both the chemical industry and the energy and fuels industry. Green Carbon Dioxide features a team of expert authors, offering perspectives on the latest breakthroughs in CO 2 recycling from Asia, Europe, and North America. The book begins with an introduction to the production of CO 2 –based fuels and chemicals. Next, it covers such topics as: Transformation of CO 2 to useable products through free–radical–induced reactions Hydrogenation of CO 2 to liquid fuels Direct synthesis of organic carbonates from CO 2 and alcohols using heterogeneous oxide catalysts Electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 in methanol medium Fuel production from photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 with water using TiO 2 –based nanocomposites Use of CO 2 in enhanced oil recovery and carbon capture and sequestration More than 1,000 references enable readers to explore individual topics in greater depth. Green Carbon Dioxide offers engineers, chemists, and managers in the chemical and energy and fuel industries a remarkable new perspective, demonstrating how CO 2 can play a significant role in the development of a sustainable Earth.

Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1. Perspectives and State of the Art in Producing Solar Fuels and Chemicals from CO 2 1 Gabriele Centi and Siglinda Perathoner 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Solar Fuels and Chemicals From CO 2 8 1.3 Toward Artificial Leaves 16 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2. Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Useable Products Through Free Radical–Induced Reactions 25 G. R. Dey 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Chemical Reduction of CO 2 29 2.3 Conclusions 46 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 3. Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO 2 51 Boxun Hu and Steven L. Suib 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Photochemical Reduction 53 3.3 Electrochemical Reduction 55 3.4 Electrocatalytic Reduction 57 3.5 CO 2 Hydrogenation 71 3.6 CO 2 Reforming 84 3.7 Prospects in CO 2 Reduction 86 Acknowledgments 86 References 86 4. Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Liquid Fuels 99 Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani, Gary Jacobs, Venkat Ramana Rao Pendyala, Wenping Ma, and Burtron H. Davis 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Methanation of Carbon Dioxide 100 4.3 Methanol and Higher Alcohol Synthesis by CO 2 Hydrogenation 102 4.4 Hydrocarbons Through Modified Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 105 4.5 Conclusions 114 References 115 5. Direct Synthesis of Organic Carbonates from CO 2 and Alcohols Using Heterogeneous Oxide Catalysts 119 Yoshinao Nakagawa, Masayoshi Honda, and Keiichi Tomishige 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Ceria–Based Catalysts 122 5.3 Zirconia–Based Catalysts 137 5.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts 145 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 145 References 146 6. High–Solar–Efficiency Utilization of CO 2 : the STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) of Energetic Molecules 149 Stuart Licht 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Energetic Molecules: an Overview 151 6.3 Demonstrated STEP Processes 165 6.4 STEP Constraints 180 6.5 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 7. Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 in Methanol Medium 191 M. Murugananthan, S. Kaneco, H. Katsumata, T. Suzuki and M. Kumaravel 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 in Methanol Medium 193 7.3 Mechanisms of CO 2 Reduction in Nonaqueous Protic (CH 3 OH) Medium 210 7.4 Conclusions 211 References 213 8. Synthetic Fuel Production from the Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 215 Navadol Laosiripojana, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 General Aspects of CO 2 Reforming 218 8.3 Catalyst Selection for CO 2 Reforming Reaction 221 8.4 Reactor Technology for Dry Reforming 228 8.5 Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Synthetic Fuels 230 8.6 Conclusions 239 Acknowledgments 240 References 240 9. Fuel Production from Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 with Water Using TiO 2 –Based Nanocomposites 245 Ying Li 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 CO2 Photoreduction: Principles and Challenges 246 9.3 TiO2–Based Photocatalysts for CO 2 Photoreduction: Material Innovations 247 9.4 Photocatalysis Experiments 254 9.5 CO2 Photoreduction Activity 255 9.6 Reaction Mechanism and Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity 259 9.7 Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations 265 References 265 10. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to Hydrocarbons Using Carbon–Based AgBr Nanocomposites Under Visible Light 269 Mudar Abou Asi, Chun He, Qiong Zhang, Zuocheng Xu, Jingling Yang, Linfei Zhu, Yanling Huang, Ya Xiong, and Dong Shu 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Reduction for CO 2 270 10.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 271 10.4 AgBr Nanocomposites 274 10.5 Conclusions 283 Acknowledgments 283 References 284 11. Use of Carbon Dioxide in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Capture and Sequestration 287 Suguru Uemura, Shohji Tsushima, and Shuichiro Hirai 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 288 11.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 294 11.4 Future Tasks 298 11.5 Summary 298 References 298 Index 301

GABRIELE CENTI is Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina and President of the European Research Institute of Catalysis. He is a former President of the European Federation of Catalysis Societies and current Vice President of the International Association of Catalysis Societies. Dr. Centi is Chair of the Editorial Board of ChemSusChem and Chief Editor of the book series Studies in Catalysis and Surface Science and Green Energy. SIGLINDA PERATHONER is Associate Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina. Her research examines nanostructured zeolites, catalytic membranes, catalysts for waste water purification and remediation, photo(electro)catalytic conversion of CO 2 , and fuel cells. Dr. Perathoner is the author of more than 160 publications.