HSPA+ Evolution to Release 12: Performance and Optimization

A comprehensive reference book providing an in–depth presentation of HSPA+ evolution, network planning and optimization, and terminal design solutions. Headed by the successful editing team of Holma, Toskala, and Tapia, industry experts look at HSPA evolution from 3GPP Release 7 to Release 12. The presentation covers MIMO antenna solutions, multicarrier evolution, Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC), high speed common channels, and HSDPA Multiflow. The network optimization is based on extensive field experience from high loaded HSPA+networks to show solutions for maximizing data rates, minimizing interference, managing multiband deployments, heterogeneous networks, and optimizing spectrum refarming. The smartphone section shows the impact of the operating system and application on the network data and signaling traffic and on the end user performance. The terminal RF chapter gives a detailed explanation of the latest implementation solutions for multimode and multiband terminals with a special focus on power consumption minimization. The book assumes a basic understanding of mobile communications yet the material is presented in an understandable way and can be enjoyed without any pre–information about technology solutions.

Foreword xv Preface xvii Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 HSPA Global Deployments 1 1.3 Mobile Devices 3 1.4 Traffic Growth 3 1.5 HSPA Technology Evolution 5 1.6 HSPA Optimization Areas 7 1.7 Summary 7 2 HSDPA and HSUPA in Release 5 and 6 9 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 3GPP Standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA 9 2.3 HSDPA Technology Key Characteristics 10 2.4 HSDPA Mobility 16 2.5 HSDPA UE Capability 17 2.6 HSUPA Technology Key Characteristics 17 2.7 HSUPA Mobility 22 2.8 HSUPA UE Capability 23 2.9 HSPA Architecture Evolution 23 2.10 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Multicarrier and Multiantenna MIMO 27 Antti Toskala, Jeroen Wigard, Matthias Hesse, Ryszard Dokuczal, and Maciej Januszewski 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Dual–Cell Downlink and Uplink 27 3.2.1 Dual–Cell Downlink 28 3.2.2 Dual–Cell HSUPA 32 3.3 Four–Carrier HSDPA and Beyond 33 3.4 Multiband HSDPA 36 3.5 Downlink MIMO 38 3.5.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity – STTD 39 3.5.2 Closed–Loop Mode 1 Transmit Diversity 39 3.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO and TxAA 40 3.5.4 4–Branch MIMO 42 3.6 Uplink MIMO and Uplink Closed–Loop Transmit Diversity 46 3.6.1 Uplink MIMO Channel Architecture 47 3.6.2 Scheduling and Rank Selection with Uplink MIMO 49 3.6.3 Uplink MIMO Performance Evaluation 50 3.7 Conclusions 52 References 52 4 Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels 53 Harri Holma and Karri Ranta–aho 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) 54 4.2.1 Uplink DTX 55 4.2.2 Downlink DRX 58 4.2.3 HS–SCCH–Less Transmission 59 4.3 High Speed FACH 61 4.4 High Speed RACH 63 4.5 High Speed FACH and RACH Enhancements 66 4.6 Fast Dormancy 67 4.7 Uplink Interference Reduction 68 4.8 Terminal Power Consumption Minimization 72 4.9 Signaling Reduction 73 4.10 Latency Optimization 74 4.11 Summary 75 References 75 5 HSDPA Multiflow 77 Thomas Höhne, Karri Ranta–aho, Alexander Sayenko, and Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Multiflow Overview 77 5.2.1 Multiflow Principle 78 5.2.2 Multiflow Configurations 78 5.3 Multiflow Protocol Stack 80 5.4 Multiflow Impacts on UE Architecture 80 5.5 Uplink Feedback for Multiflow 81 5.5.1 HS–DPCCH Structure with Multiflow 81 5.5.2 Dynamic Carrier Activation 84 5.5.3 Timing of Uplink Feedback 84 5.5.4 HS–DPCCH Power Levels 86 5.6 RLC Impact 87 5.6.1 RLC Timer—Reordering 87 5.6.2 RLC Reset 88 5.7 Iub/Iur Enhancements 89 5.7.1 Flow Control 89 5.7.2 Multiflow Extensions 90 5.8 Multiflow Combined with Other Features 91 5.8.1 Downlink MIMO 91 5.8.2 Uplink Closed–Loop Transmit Diversity and Uplink MIMO 91 5.8.3 DTX/DRX 92 5.9 Setting Up Multiflow 93 5.10 Robustness 94 5.10.1 Robustness for RRC Signaling 94 5.10.2 Radio Link Failure 94 5.10.3 Robustness for User Plane Data 96 5.11 Multiflow Performance 96 5.11.1 Multiflow Performance in Macro Networks 96 5.11.2 Multiflow Performance with HetNets 96 5.12 Multiflow and Other Multipoint Transmission Techniques 100 5.13 Conclusions 100 References 100 6 Voice Evolution 103 Harri Holma and Karri Ranta–aho 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Voice Quality with AMR Wideband 103 6.3 Voice Capacity with Low Rate AMR 106 6.4 VoIP Over HSPA 107 6.5 Circuit–Switched Voice Over HSPA 111 6.6 Voice Over HSPA Mobility 112 6.7 Circuit–Switched Fallback 114 6.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 115 6.9 Summary 116 References 116 7 Heterogeneous Networks 117 Harri Holma and Fernando Sanchez Moya 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Small Cell Drivers 117 7.3 Base Station Categories 118 7.4 Small Cell Dominance Areas 119 7.5 HetNet Uplink–Downlink Imbalance 122 7.6 HetNet Capacity and Data Rates 124 7.7 HetNet Field Measurements 128 7.8 Femto Cells 130 7.9 WLAN Interworking 133 7.9.1 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) 133 7.9.2 Hotspot 2.0 135 7.9.3 Differences between ANDSF and Hotspot 2.0 136 7.10 Summary 136 References 137 8 Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 139 Antti Toskala and Hisashi Onozawa 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Advanced UE Receivers 139 8.3 BTS Scheduling Alternatives 143 8.4 BTS Interference Cancellation 145 8.5 Further Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 149 8.6 Conclusions 150 References 151 9 IMT–Advanced Performance Evaluation 153 Karri Ranta–aho and Antti Toskala 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 ITU–R Requirements for IMT–Advanced 153 9.3 3GPP Features to Consider in Meeting the IMT–Advanced Requirements 155 9.4 Performance Evaluation 157 9.4.1 Eight–Carrier HSDPA 157 9.4.2 Four–Antenna MIMO for HSDPA 159 9.4.3 Uplink Beamforming, MIMO and 64QAM 160 9.4.4 HSPA+ Multiflow 162 9.4.5 Performance in Different ITU–R Scenarios 163 9.4.6 Latency and Handover Interruption Analysis 164 9.5 Conclusions 168 References 168 10 HSPA+ Performance 169 Pablo Tapia and Brian Olsen 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Test Tools and Methodology 170 10.3 Single–Carrier HSPA+ 173 10.3.1 Test Scenarios 173 10.3.2 Latency Measurements 174 10.3.3 Good Signal Strength Scenario 175 10.3.4 Mid Signal Strength Scenario 177 10.3.5 Poor Signal Strength Scenario 179 10.3.6 Summary of Stationary Tests 182 10.3.7 Drive Test Performance of Single–Carrier HSPA+ 183 10.4 Dual–Cell HSPA+ 188 10.4.1 Stationary Performance 189 10.4.2 Dual–Carrier Drive Performance 192 10.4.3 Impact of Vendor Implementation 196 10.5 Analysis of Other HSPA Features 198 10.5.1 64 QAM Gains 198 10.5.2 UE Advanced Receiver Field Results 200 10.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO 203 10.5.4 Quality of Service (QoS) 206 10.6 Comparison of HSPA+ with LTE 209 10.7 Summary 211 References 212 11 Network Planning 213 Brian Olsen, Pablo Tapia, Jussi Reunanen, and Harri Holma 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Radio Frequency Planning 213 11.2.1 Link Budget 215 11.2.2 Antenna and Power Planning 219 11.2.3 Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) Tools 222 11.2.4 Neighbor Planning 223 11.3 Multilayer Management in HSPA 224 11.3.1 Layering Strategy within Single Band 225 11.3.2 Layering Strategy with Multiple UMTS Bands 230 11.3.3 Summary 233 11.4 RAN Capacity Planning 233 11.4.1 Discussion on Capacity Triggers 234 11.4.2 Effect of Voice/Data Load 237 11.4.3 Uplink Noise Discussion 238 11.4.4 Sector Dimensioning 240 11.4.5 RNC Dimensioning 242 11.5 Packet Core and Transport Planning 243 11.5.1 Backhaul Dimensioning 244 11.6 Spectrum Refarming 246 11.6.1 Introduction 246 11.6.2 UMTS Spectrum Requirements 247 11.6.3 GSM Features for Refarming 249 11.6.4 Antenna Sharing Solutions 249 11.7 Summary 250 References 251 12 Radio Network Optimization 253 Pablo Tapia and Carl Williams 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Optimization of the Radio Access Network Parameters 254 12.2.1 Optimization of Antenna Parameters 255 12.2.2 Optimization of Power Parameters 257 12.2.3 Neighbor List Optimization 262 12.2.4 HS Cell Change Optimization 265 12.2.5 IRAT Handover Optimization 268 12.2.6 Optimization of Radio State Transitions 271 12.2.7 Uplink Noise Optimization 275 12.3 Optimization Tools 281 12.3.1 Geolocation 284 12.3.2 User Tracing (Minimization of Drive Tests) 285 12.3.3 Self Organizing Network (SON) Tools 286 12.4 Summary 292 Reference 292 13 Smartphone Performance 293 Pablo Tapia, Michael Thelander, Timo Halonen, Jeff Smith, and Mika Aalto 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis 294 13.3 Smartphone Data Consumption 297 13.4 Smartphone Signaling Analysis 299 13.4.1 Smartphone Profiling 301 13.4.2 Ranking Based on Key Performance Indicators 302 13.4.3 Test Methodology 303 13.4.4 KPIs Analyzed during Profiling 304 13.4.5 Use Case Example: Analysis of Signaling by Various Mobile OSs 306 13.5 Smartphone Performance 308 13.5.1 User Experience KPIs 310 13.5.2 Battery Performance 311 13.5.3 Coverage Limits for Different Services 313 13.5.4 Effect of TCP Performance 315 13.5.5 Web Browsing Performance 318 13.5.6 Video Streaming 321 13.6 Use Case Study: Analysis of Smartphone User Experience in the US 330 13.7 Summary 334 References 335 14 Multimode Multiband Terminal Design Challenges 337 Jean–Marc Lemenager, Luigi Di Capua, Victor Wilkerson, Mikaël Guenais, Thierry Meslet, and Laurent Noël 14.1 Cost Reduction in Multimode Multiband Terminals 340 14.1.1 Evolution of Silicon Area and Component Count 340 14.1.2 Transceiver Architecture Evolutions 342 14.1.3 RF Front End 350 14.2 Power Consumption Reduction in Terminals 369 14.2.1 Smartphone Power Consumption 369 14.2.2 Application Engines 371 14.2.3 Power Amplifiers 378 14.2.4 Continuous Packet Connectivity 382 14.3 Conclusion 387 References 389 15 LTE Interworking 393 Harri Holma and Hannu Raassina 15.1 Introduction 393 15.2 Packet Data Interworking 394 15.2.1 Example Trace of 3G to LTE Cell Reselection 398 15.2.2 Example Trace of LTE to 3G Redirection 400 15.3 Circuit–Switched Fallback 406 15.3.1 Example Circuit–Switched Fallback with Location Area Update 410 15.3.2 Example Circuit–Switched Fallback without Location Area Update 413 15.4 Matching of LTE and 3G Coverage Areas 415 15.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 417 15.6 Summary 419 References 419 16 HSPA Evolution Outlook 421 Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta–aho 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 HSPA–LTE and WLAN Interworking 421 16.3 Scalable Bandwidth UMTS 423 16.4 DCH Enhancements 425 16.5 HSUPA Enhancements 427 16.6 Heterogenous Networks 428 16.7 Other Areas of Improvement for Release 12 and Beyond 430 16.8 Conclusions 430 References 431 Index 433

Editors: Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland and Pablo Tapia, T–Mobile, USA