Translational Research and Discovery in Gastroenterology: Organogenesis to Disease

Translational Gastroenterology: Organogenesis to Disease bridges the gap between basic and clinical research by providing information on GI (gastrointestinal) organ development discovered through scientific inquiry, alongside clinical observations of acquired and congenital abnormalities. Paired chapters, written from basic science and clinical viewpoints, review the major biological pathways and molecules at work in organ ontogeny and disease. In addition to a comprehensive survey of GI organ development and pathologies, the book also highlights model organisms and new areas of research, with chapters devoted to recent advances in the field of GI stem cell biology, and the potential for tissue engineering of GI organs. The topics covered provide a unique window onto current activity in the field of gastroenterology, fostering enhanced knowledge for developmental biologists as well as for clinical practitioners. Notable features include the following: • Basic science chapters review the molecular and cellular pathways of GI organ development alongside clinical chapters examining organ–based diseases, closing the gap between the bench and the clinic. • Derivative organs – esophagus, stomach, pylorus, small intestine, colon, liver, and pancreas –as well as tissues such as serosa and enteric nervous system that are common to multiple GI organs. • Chapters detailing the use of model organisms – Drosophila, sea urchin, zebrafish, C. elegans, Xenopus – for basic discovery studies are included. • Chapters on GI stem cells and the potential for tissue engineering of the GI organs provide a view to the future of research and therapy in these organs.

List of Contributors ix Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Endoderm Development: From Progenitors to Organ Buds 1 David A.F. Loebel, Keren Kaufman–Francis, Yoji Kojima, Henry C.Y. Chung, and Patrick P.L. Tam 2 Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms Regulating Esophageal Development 15 Wei–Yao Ku and Jianwen Que 3 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Esophagus 27 Iljana Gaffar, Yousef El–Gohary, and George Gittes 4 Basic Science of Stomach Development 43 Tae–Hee Kim and Ramesh A. Shivdasani 5 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Stomach 57 Ramon U. Jin and Jason C. Mills 6 The Pylorus: Development and Disease 73 Ajay Prakash, Aaron M. Udager, and Deborah L. Gumucio 7 Basic Science of Small Intestinal Development 85 Cayla A. Thompson and Michele A. Battle 8 Clinical Small Intestine 99 Michael A. Helmrath and Kavita Deonarine 9 Basic Science of Colon Development 113 Mattheus C.B. Wielenga and Gijs R. van den Brink 10 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Colon 125 Jennifer J. Freeman and Daniel H. Teitelbaum 11 Intestinal Serosa 139 Nichelle I. Winters and David M. Bader 12 Basic Science of Liver Development 151 Ann DeLaForest and Stephen A. Duncan 13 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Liver 165 Zahida Khan, Edgar N. Tafaleng, Kyle A. Soltys, and Ira J. Fox 14 Developmental Biology of the Pancreas 179 L. Charles Murtaugh 15 Congenital Disorders of the Pancreas 193 Mark Lowe 16 Enteric Nervous System Development 209 E. Michelle Southard–Smith and Melissa A. Musser 17 Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Enteric Nervous System 225 Robert O. Heuckeroth 18 Gut Development in the Sea Urchin 241 Megan L. Martik and David R. McClay 19 Intestinal Stem Cell Specification in the Drosophila Midgut 253 Neus Rafel and Benjamin Ohlstein 20 The Caenorhabditis elegans Intestine 263 James D. McGhee, Tobias Wiesenfahrt, and Aidan E. Dineen 21 Xenopus as a Model for GI Development 275 Zheng Zhang and Aaron M. Zorn 22 Zebrafish Models of GI Development and Disease 289 Ashley Alvers and Michel Bagnat 23 Gastrointestinal Stem Cells 303 Elise S. Demitrack and Linda C. Samuelson 24 Translating Embryonic Development into Models of Human Gastrointestinal Development and Disease 317 Stacy R. Finkbeiner and Jason R. Spence Index 327

Deborah L. Gumucio, PhD , is the James Douglas Engel Professor and Interim Chair of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the University of Michigan Medical School and Project Director of the University of Michigan’s BioArtography Program. Linda C. Samuelson, PhD , is the John A. Williams Collegiate Professor of Gastrointestinal Physiology and Professor in the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School and serves as Associate Director for the Center for Organogenesis at the University of Michigan. Jason R. Spence, PhD , is Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine and Assistant Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology at the University of Michigan Medical School.