Concept–Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology

A pioneering, concept–oriented research and development approach improves business results in technology–driven industries With contributions from IT, systems, and operations experts from around the globe, this book sets forth a tested and proven, concept–oriented R&D approach that far surpasses the results of conventional R&D. The authors explain how to create a clear concept, then build upon that concept by developing a chain of technologies and target markets in order to create, sustain, and grow successful business operations. Real–world examples and case studies from IBM and Hitachi illustrate how the concept–oriented approach can be applied to IT and other technology–driven industries anywhere in the world. Concept–Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology sheds new light on the complex relationships between concept, technology and market, explaining how all of these elements are enhanced with a concept–oriented R&D approach. Throughout the book, readers will learn a variety of innovative perspectives and methods for concept creation, technology innovation, and market cultivation. • Part I, Introduction, makes the case for a paradigm shift in R&D from a conventional approach to a concept–oriented one. • Part II, Concept Creation, offers four perspectives on the application of the concept–oriented approach. • Part III, Fusion of Technologies, illustrates the need to fuse technologies to accommodate rapidly changing and unpredictable demands on business infrastructure. • Part IV, Glocalization of Technologies, explains why businesses need to diversify globally, yet remain in tune with local markets. • Part V, Conclusions and Future Directions, explores the potential of the concept–oriented approach to evolve with the changing needs of business and R&D. Concept–Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology helps students and professionals in IT, engineering, systems, and operations approach R&D in new ways that lead to better technologies and better businesses.

FOREWORD xv PREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS xxi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 Kinji Mori 1.1 Factors of Research and Development (R&D) Approaches 5 1.2 R&D Approaches 7 1.3 Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS) Concept and Its R&D 13 PART II CONCEPT CREATION 29 2 Challenges in Technology Education and System Development in Software Ecosystem Environment 35 C. V. Ramamoorthy and Xiaodong Lu 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Importance of Education 37 2.3 Needs Engineering 39 2.4 Software Ecosystem 40 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 43 3 Concept–Oriented Research and Development from Social and Cultural Perspectives 45 Katsuhiko Shirai 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 R&D and Engineering Education 47 3.3 R&D and Systems Approach 48 3.4 R&D and Social Demand 49 3.5 Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS) Requirements 49 3.6 Concept Creation and Innovation 51 3.7 Conclusions 52 4 Roads to Smarter Cities 55 Colin Harrison 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 IBM′s Strategy 56 4.3 Use of Platform in the Deployment Phase 61 4.4 Smarter Cities 63 4.5 The Future 68 4.6 Conclusions 69 5 Advancing Knowledge and Evolving Society 71 Alfonso Fuggetta 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Research and Innovation 72 5.3 Innovation and Technology Transfer 79 5.4 The CEFRIEL Experience 83 5.5 Conclusions 86 PART III FUSION OF TECHNOLOGIES 89 6 Fusion of Technologies 93 Yinong Chen 6.1 Introduction 94 6.2 Hardware–Software Fusion 95 6.3 Computing and Communication 95 6.4 Virtual and Physical Reality 96 6.5 Service–Oriented Architecture 98 6.6 Mashup 100 6.7 Cloud Computing 102 6.8 Concept–Oriented System Development 105 6.9 Conclusion 106 7 Fusion of Computer and Communication 109 Hermann Kopetz 7.1 Introduction 110 7.2 Historical Perspective 110 7.3 System of Systems 112 7.4 Problem Solving 116 7.5 Role of Trust 119 7.6 Example: ATM Application 120 7.7 Conclusions 122 8 Future of Railway Signaling and Train Control 123 Tang Tao and Xun Jing 8.1 Introduction 124 8.2 History of Developments in the Train Control Industry 124 8.3 The Current Status of Communication–Based Train Control (CBTC) 126 8.4 Future Trends in Train Control Technology 130 8.5 Conclusion 132 9 Fusion of Control Systems, Computers, and the Real World 135 Yasushi Fukunaga 9.1 Introduction 136 9.2 Reseach and Development in the "Chaos Era" 137 9.3 Birth and Development of the Computer Control System 139 9.4 New ICT System 140 9.5 Conclusion and Proposed Future Expansion 143 10 Fusion of Computer, Communication, and Control Technologies: Needs and Strategies 147 Masayoshi Tomizuka 10.1 Introduction 148 10.2 Dynamic Systems and Control 148 10.3 Computers in Control Systems 151 10.4 Networked Control Systems 152 10.5 Communications in Robotics 153 10.6 Vehicle Applications 153 10.7 Cyberphysical Systems 155 10.8 National Science Foundation 155 10.9 Conclusions 156 PART IV GLOCALIZATION 159 11 Glocalization of the Market 161 Masaki Ogata 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 The Term Glocalization 163 11.3 Concept Creation 167 11.4 Fusion of Technologies 167 11.5 Market Glocalization 167 11.6 Conclusion 170 12 Thinking Globally, Acting Locally and Thinking Locally, Acting Globally 173 Cathy Lasser 12.1 Introduction 174 12.2 Transformation Framework 176 12.3 Value–Based Culture 177 12.4 Collaborative Innovation 178 12.5 A Smarter Planet: Collaboration and the Future of Work 179 12.6 Conclusion 181 13 Glocalization: Market Cultivation and the Future of Standards 183 Richard Mark Soley 13.1 Introduction 184 13.2 Innovation 184 13.3 Standards 185 13.4 Market Ecosystem 187 13.5 Approaches to Developing Standards 188 13.6 Globalization 190 13.7 Glocalization 191 13.8 Successful Standards 192 13.9 Future of Standards 192 13.10 Smart Energy Grids 193 13.11 Conclusion 194 14 Smart Urban Infrastructure as an Enabler of the Integration of Resident–Oriented Services 195 Yukio Toyoshima and Michinaga Kohno 14.1 Introduction 196 14.2 New Trends in Urban Development 196 14.3 Authors′ Concept of Smart Cities 199 14.4 "Glocal" Deployment of Smart Cities 204 15 Summary of Market Glocalization 209 Masaki Ogata 15.1 Introduction 209 15.2 Organization 211 15.3 Standardization 213 15.4 Diversifi cation 215 15.5 Smart Grid 216 15.6 Conclusion 219 PART V CONCLUSION 221 16 Conclusions and Future Directions 223 Kinji Mori INDEX 229

KINJI MORI, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Green Computing Systems Research Organization at Waseda University, Japan and Professor Emeritus at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan in the Department of Computer Science. Previously, Dr. Mori worked at Hitachi as Chief Researcher. He is a Fellow of IEEE and IEICE. Dr. Mori is the pioneer of the concept–oriented research and development, and he proposed the Autonomous Decentralized Systems Concept and realized its concept–oriented technologies and applications. He founded the IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems. Dr. Mori holds more than 350 patents and has received the Special Distinguished Ichimura Award, the Japan Patent Award, and the Research Achievement Award in Japan, among others.