Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies

The book provides in–depth information on natural biomaterials and their applications for translational medicine, covering topics such as tissue engineering with collagens or gelatines and natural materials for protein purification and drug delivery.

Edited by world–leading experts with contributions from top–notch international scientists, it collates the experience and cutting–edge knowledge on natural biomaterials from all over the world, making the book a must–have publication on the shelf of every biomaterials lab.

Nuno M. Neves is Professor at the Department of Polymer Engineering of the University of Minho, Portugal, where he is Vice–Director of the 3B s Research Group Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics. Nuno M. Neves received his PhD degree in Polymer Science and Engineering from the University of Minho in collaboration with the University of Twente, The Netherlands. His main area of research is the development of biomaterials from natural origin polymers. His research group focuses mainly on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies using stem cells and advanced drug delivery scaffolds and medical devices.

Rui L. Reis is Professor of Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, Biomaterials and Stem Cells at the Department of Polymer Engineering of the University of Minho, Portugal. He is the Vice–Rector for Research of the University of Minho, Director of the 3B s Research Group and the Director of the Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory ICVS/3B s. Rui L. Reis received his PhD degree in Polymer Engineering from the University of Minho in collaboration with Brunel University in London, UK. His main area of research is the development of biomaterials from natural origin polymers that his group proposes for a range of biomedical applications.

Contributors

Preface

PART 1

Chapter 1. Collagen–Based Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Guoping Chen  and Naoki Kawazo

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Collagen Sponges

1.3 Collagen sponges with micropatterned pore structures

1.4 Collagen sponges with controlled bulk structures

1.5 Hybrid scaffolds

1.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2. Marine Collagen Isolation and Processing Envisaging Biomedical Applications
Joana Moreira–Silva, Gabriela D. Carlos, Ana L. Marques, Tiago H. Silva, Rui L. Reis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Extraction of Collagen from Marine Sources

2.3 Collagen characterization

2.4 Marine Collagen wide Applications

2.5 Final Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3. Gelatin–Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Bioengineering
Mehdi Nikkhah, Mohsen Akbari, Arghya Paul, Adnan Memic,  Alireza Dolatshahi–Pirouz, and

Ali Khademhosseini

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Crosslinking of Gelatin

3.3 Physical Properties of Gelatin

3.4 Application of Gelatin–based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering

3.5 Gelatin for Stem Cell Therapy

3.6 Application of Gelatin in Delivery Systems

3.7 Conclusion and perspectives

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 4. Hyaluronic Acid Based Hydrogels at Micro and Macro Scale
Assunta Borza Borzacchiello, Luisa Russo, Luigi Ambrosio

4.1 Classification and structure of hydrogels

4.2 Hyaluronic acid

4.3 Hydrogel mechanical properties

4.4 HA based hydrogel for biomedical applications

References

Chapter 5. Chondroitin Sulfate as a Bioactive Macromolecule for Advanced Biological Applications and Therapies
Nicola Volpi

5.1 CS structure

5.2 Biological roles of CS

5.3 Osteoarthritis treatment

5.4 Cardio–cerebrovascular disease

5.5 Tissue regeneration and engineering

5.6 Chondroitin sulfate–polymer conjugates

5.7 Conclusions and future perspectives

References

Chapter 6. Keratin
Mark Van Dyke

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Preparation of Keratoses

6.3 Preparation of Kerateines

6.4 Oxidative Sulfitolysis

6.5 Summary

References

Chapter 7. Elastin–like Polypeptides: Bio–inspired Smart Polymers for Protein Purification, Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Joseph J. Bellucci and Ashutosh Chilkoti

7.1 Abbreviations

7.2 Introduction

7.3 Purification of proteins by ELP fusion proteins

7.4 Delivery of therapeutics with ELPs

7.5 Tissue Engineering with ELPs

7.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8. SILK: A unique family of biopolymers
Antonella Motta, Michael Floren, and Claudio Migliaresi

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Main silk polymers

8.3 Fibroin basic processing: regenerated silk fibroin

8.4 Materials Fabrication of Silk Proteins

8.5 Advanced Material Applications of Silks

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9. Silk protein sericin: promising biopolymer for biological and biomedical applications
Sunita Nayak and Subhas C. Kundu

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Sericin extraction and processing

9.3 Potential applications of sericin

9.4 Immunogenicity and toxicity of sericins

9.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10. Fibrin
Markus Kerbl, Philipp Heher, James Ferguson, Heinz Redl

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Fibrin Clotting

10.3 Fibrin Degradation

10.4 Fibrin Glue

10.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Casein Proteins
Pranav K. Singh and Harjinder Singh

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Structures and Properties of Casein

11.3 Interaction of Caseins with Metal Ions

11.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Biomaterials from Decellularized Tissues
Ricardo Londono and Stephen F. Badylak

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Default Tissue Response to Injury in Adult Mammals

12.3 Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds

12.4 ECM Scaffolds – The Decellularization Process

12.5 Host Response to implanted ECM–Derived Biomaterials

References

Chapter 13. Demineralized Bone Matrix: A Morphogenetic Extracellular Matrix
A. Hari Reddi and Ryosuke Sakata

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM)

13.3 From DBM to Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)

13.4 BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix

13.5 BMP Receptors

13.6 Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

PART 2

Chapter 14. Recent Developments on Chitosan Application in Regenerative Medicine
Ana R. Duarte, Vitor M. Correlo, Joaquim M. Oliveira and Rui L. Reis

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Chitosan and Derivatives

14.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications of Chitosan

14.4 Processing methodologies

14.5 Final Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. Starch–based blends in Tissue Engineering
Pedro Pires Carvalho, Marcia Rodrigues, Rui L. Reis, Manuela E. Gomes

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Starch

15.3 Modification of Starch for Biomedical Applications

15.4 Starch–based blends

15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 16. Agarose Hydrogel Characterization for Regenerative Medicine Applications: Focus on Engineering Cartilage
Brendan L. Roach, Adam B. Nover, Gerard A. Ateshian, Clark T. Hung

16.1 The Foundations of Agarose

16.2 Structure–Function Relationships of Agarose Hydrogels

16.3 Agarose as a Tissue Engineering Scaffold

16.4 Agarose In The Clinic

16.5 A Scaffold To Build On

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Bioengineering alginate for regenerative medicine applications
Emil Ruvinov and Smadar Cohen

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Regenerative medicine: definition and strategies

17.3 Alginate biomaterial

17.4 Alginate implant: First in man trial for prevention of heart failure

17.5 Alginate hydrogel as a vehicle for stem cell delivery and retention

17.6 Engineering alginate–based cell microenvironments

17.7 Alginate hydrogel carrier for growth factor delivery

17.8 Engineering alginate for affinity binding and presentation of heparin–binding growth factors

17.9 Conclusions and future perspectives

References

Chapter 18. Dextran
Rong Wang , Pieter J. Dijkstra and Marcel Karperien

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Structure and properties

18.3 Dextran derivatives

18.4 Dextran copolymers

18.5 Degradation

18.6 Outlook

References

Chapter 19. Gellan gum–Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
Joana Silva–Correia, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira and Rui Luís Reis

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Gellan Gum and Its Derivatives

19.3 Tissue Engineering Applications

19.4 Final Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

PART 3

Chapter 20. Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Lorena del Rosario Lizarraga–Valderrama, Bijal Panchal, Christy Thomas, Ipsita  Roy, Also R. Boccaccini

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Skin Tissue Engineering

20.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering

20.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering

20.5 Dental Tissue Engineering

20.6 Bone Tissue Engineering

20.7 Cartilage Tissue engineering

20.8 Osteochondral Tissue engineering

20.9 Drug Delivery

20.10 Conclusions and the Future Potential of PHAs in Biomedical Applications

References

Chapter 21. Bacterial Cellulose
Hernane S. Barud, Junkal Gutierrez, Wilton R. Lustri, Maristela F.S. Peres, Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Sybele Saska–Specian and Agniezska Tercjak

21.1 BC dressings

21.2 Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

21.3 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

PART 4

Chapter 22. Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification
Müge Andaç, Igor Yu Galaev, Adil Denizli

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification

22.3 Some Selected Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels (MIC) for Macromolecules

22.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 23. Immunogenic reaction of implanted biomaterials from nature
Martijn van Griensven, Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Implantation leads to tissue injury

23.3 Inflammatory responses

23.4 Foreign Body Reaction

23.5 Immunogenic reactions towards natural biomaterials

23.6 Final remarks

References

Chapter 24. Chemical modification of biomaterials from Nature
José Carlos Rodríguez–Cabello, Israel González de Torre, Mercedes Santos, Ana Maria Testera, Matilde Alonso

24.1 Protein Modification

24.2 Lipid Modifications

24.3 POLYSACCHARIDE CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS

References

PART 5

Chapter 25. Processing of biomedical devices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications
Vitor M. Correlo, Albino Martins, Nuno M. Neves, Rui L. Reis

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Processing Techniques of Naturally Derived Biomaterial

25.3 Processing Techniques of natural based polymeric blends

References

Chapter 26. GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL–BASED BIOMATERIALS
Manuel Alatorre–Meda and João F. Mano

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Bulk properties

26.3 Surface properties

26.4 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 27. General Characterization of Chemical Properties of Natural–Based Biomaterials
Manuel Alatorre–Meda and João F. Mano

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Molecular weight and elemental composition

27.3 Physiological degradation

27.4 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 28. In vitro biological testing in the development of new devices
Marta L. Alves da Silva, Albino Martins, Ana Costa–Pinto, Rui L. Reis, Nuno M. Neves

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Cytotoxicity assays

28.3 Evaluation of Cell Morphology and Distribution

28.4 Cell Viability Assays

28.5 Cell Proliferation Assays

28.6 Biochemical analysis

28.7 Genotypic expression analysis

28.8 Histological assessment

28.9 In vitro Engineered Tissues

28.10 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 29. Advanced in–vitro cell culture methods using natural biomaterials
Marta L. Alves da Silva, Rui L. Reis, Nuno M. Neves

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Bioreactors

29.3 Hypoxia

29.4 Co–cultures

29.5 Transfection

29.6 Nanoparticles and related systems

29.7 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 30. Testing Natural Biomaterials in Animal Models
Ana Costa–Pinto, Tírcia C. Santos, Nuno M. Neves and Rui L. Reis

30.1 Laboratory animals as tools in biomaterials testing

30.2 Inflammation and host reaction

30.3 Animal models for Tissue Engineering

30.4 Final remarks

References

PART 6

Chapter 31. Delivery Systems made of Natural–origin Polymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications
Albino Martins, Helena Ferreira, Rui L. Reis, Nuno M. Neves

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers–based Delivery Systems

31.3 Fundamentals of drug delivery

31.4 In vitro and in vivo applications of natural–based delivery systems

31.5 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 32. Translational Research into New Clinical Applications
M. David Harmon, Cato T. Laurencin, Sangamesh G. Kumbar

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Cardiovascular System Applications

32.3 Integumentary System Applications

32.4 Musculoskeletal System Applications

32.5 Nervous System Applications

32.6 Respiratory System Applications

32.7 Gastrointestinal System Applications

32.8 From Idea to Product

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 33. Challenges and Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials for Advanced Devices and Therapies
Ruis L. Reis and Nuno M. Neves

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Challenges of Natural Biomaterials

33.3 Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials

33.4 Final remarks

References

Chapter 34. Adhesives Inspired by Marine Mussels
Courtney L. Jenkins, Heather J. Meredith, and Jonathan J. Wilker

34.1 Requirements for a Bioadhesive

34.2 Marine Mussels

34.3 Bulk Adhesion Testing

34.4 Extracted Mussel Adhesive Proteins

34.5 Mimics of Mussel Adhesive

34.6 Conclusions

34.7 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 35. Final comments and remarks
Ruis L. Reis and Nuno M. Neves