Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors

Covering operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Electrochemical Power Sources provides a concise description of the three main classes of electrochemical power sources; batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. It covers all aspects of the design, operational features, applications, and performance of electrochemical power sources from the most typical battery types, fuel cells, and supercapacitors.  Written in an accessible manner the book details the design, operational features, and applications of all three of these power sources Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields, Electrochemical Power Sources features: Design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Improvements of existing Electrochemical Power Sources and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work Outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries  

Introduction Part A Batteries with aqueous electrolytes Chapter 1 General aspects 1.1 Definition 1.2 Current–producing chemical reaction 1.3 Classification 1.4 Thermodynamic aspects 1.5 Historical development 1.6 Nomenclature Reviews and monographs Chapter 2 Main Battery types 2.1 Electrochemical Systems 2.2 Leclanch‚ (zinc–carbon) batteries 2.3 The zinc electrode in alkaline solutions 2.4 Alkaline manganese–zinc batteries 2.5 Lead–acid batteries 2.6 Alkaline nickel storage batteries 2.7 Silver–zinc batteries References Monographs and Reviews Chapter 3 Performance 3.1 Electrical characteristics of batteries 3.2 Electrical characteristics of storage batteries 3.3 Comparative characteristics 3.4 Operational characteristics Reference Chapter 4 Miscellaneous batteries 4.1 Mercury–zinc batteries 4.2 Compound batteries 4.3 Batteries with water as reactant 4.4 Standard cells 4.5 Reserve batteries Reviews and monographs Chapter 5 Design and Technology 5.1 Balance in batteries 5.2 Scale factors 5.3 Separators 5.4 Sealing 5.5 Ohmic losses 5.6 Thermal processes in batteries Chapter 6 Applications of batteries 6.1 Automotive equipment starter and auxiliary batteries 6.2 Traction batteries 6.3 Stationary batteries 6.4 Domestic and portable systems 6.5 Special applications Chapter 7 Operational Problems 7.1 Discharge and maintenance of primary batteries 7.2 Maintenance of storage batteries 7.3 General aspects of battery maintenance Chapter 8 Outlook for batteries with aqueous electrolyte References Part B Batteries with nonaqueous electrolytes Chapter 9 Different kinds of electrolytes 9.1 Electrolytes based on aprotic nonaqueous solutions 9.2 Ionically conducting molten salts 9.3 Ionically conducting solid electrolytes References Chapter 10 Insertion compounds Monographs and Reviews Chapter 11 Primary lithium batteries 11.1 General information. Brief history 11.2 Current–Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 11.4 Fundamentals of Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems Monographs Chapter 12 Lithium–ion batteries 12.1 General information. Brief history 12.2 Current–producing and other processes in lithium–ion batteries 12.3 Design and technology of lithium–ion batteries 12.4 Electric characteristics, performance, and other characteristics of lithium–ion batteries 12.5 Prospects of development of lithium–ion batteries Monographs Chapter 13 Lithium–ion batteries: what next? 13.1 Lithium–air batteries 13.2 Lithium–sulfur batteries 13.3 Sodium–Ion Batteries Reviews Chapter 14 Solid state batteries 14.1 Low–temperature miniature batteries with solid electrolytes 14.2 Sulfur–sodium storage batteries References Chapter 15 Batteries with molten salt electrolytes 15.1 Storage batteries 15.2 Reserve–type thermal batteries References Part C Fuel Cells Chapter 16 General aspects 16.1 Thermodynamic aspects 16.2 Schematic layout of fuel cell units 16.3 Types of fuel cells 16.4 Layout of a real fuel cell: the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell with liquid electrolyte 16.5 Basic parameters of fuel cells References Monographs Chapter 17 The Development of fuel cells 17.1 The period prior to 1894 17.2 The period from 1894 to 1960 17.3 The period from 1960 to the 1990s 17.4 The period after the 1990s References Monographs and Reviews Chapter 18 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) 18.1 The history of PEMFC 18.2 Standard PEMFC version of the 1990s 18.3 Operating conditions of PEMFC 18.4 Special features of PEMFC operation 18.5 Platinum catalyst poisoning by traces of CO in the hydrogen 18.6 Commercial activities in relation to PEMFC 18.7 Future development of PEMFCs 18.8 Elevated temperature PEMFCs (ET–PEMFCs) References Reviews Chapter 19 Direct liquid fuel cells, with gaseous, liquid and/or solid reagents 19.1 Current–producing reactions and thermodynamic parameters 19.2 Anodic oxidation of methanol 19.3 Use of platinum–ruthenium catalysts for methanol oxidation 19.4 Milestones in DMFC development 19.5 Membrane penetration by methanol (methanol crossover) 19.6 Varieties of DMFC 19.7 Special operating features of DMFC 19.8 Practical prototypes of DMFC and their features 19.9 The problems to be solved in future DMFC 19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) References Reviews Chapter 20 Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) 20.1 The special features of high–temperature fuel cells 20.2 The structure of hydrogen–oxygen MCFC 20.3 MCFC with internal fuel reforming 20.4 The development of MCFC work 20.5 The lifetime of MCFCs References Chapter 21 Solid–oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 21.1 Schematic design of a conventional SOFC 21.2 Tubular SOFCs 21.3 Planar SOFCs 21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 21.5 The utilization of natural fuels in SOFCs 21.6 Interim–temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 21.7 Low–temperature SOFCs (LT–SOFC) 21.8 Factors influencing the lifetime of SOFCs Monographs and reviews Chapter 22 Other types of fuel cells 22.1 Phosphoric acid fuel  cells (PAFC) 22.2 Redox flow fuel cells 22.3 Biological fuel cells 22.4 Direct carbon  fuel cells (DCFC) References Chapter 23 Alkaline fuel cells (AFC) 23.1 Hydrogen–oxygen AFCs 23.2 Problems in the AFC field 23.3 The present state and future prospects of AFC work 23.4 Anion–exchange (hydroxyl ion conducting) membranes 23.5 Methanol fuel cell with an invariant alkaline electrolyte References Chapter 24 Applications of Fuel Cells 24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 24.3 Fuel cells for Transport Applications 24.4 Portables 24.5 Military applications References Chapter 25 Outlook for fuel cells 25.1 Alternating periods of hope and disappointment –– forever? 25.2 Development of electrocatalysis 25.3 “Ideal fuel cells?” do exist 25.4 Expected future situation with fuel cells References Part D. Supercapacitors Chapter 26 General aspects 26.1 Electrolytic capacitors References Chapter 27 Electrochemical supercapacitors with carbon electrodes 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 27.11 High–Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 27.12 Self–Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (Ageing) Literature Chapter 28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron–Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 28.4 Lithium–Cation–Exchange Capacitors Literature Chapter 29. Hybrid (asymmetric) supercapacitors (HSCs) 29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 29.2 HSCs of ECP/C type References Chapter 30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices.  Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors References Chapter 31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors Chapter 32 Electrochemical aspects of solar energy conversion 32.1 Photoelectrochemical phenomena 32.2 Photoelectrochemical devices 32.3 Photoexcitation of metals (electron photoemission into solutions) 32.4 Behavior of illuminated semiconductors 32.5 Semiconductor Solar batteries (SC–SB) 32.6 Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) References Reviews and Monographs

The Late Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2013) was an acclaimed scientist in the field of electrochemical phenomena.  He has worked as the Head of Department at the Moscow Power Sources Institute, supervising development of fuel cells for various national and international projects.  For 20 years, he was the Head of Department and Principal Scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry.  He has published more than 400 papers in scientific journals such as the Russian Journal of Electrochemistry and The Journal of Power Sources. Alexander  M. Skundin, PhD is a chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences. He is one of the main experts on lithium batteries in Russia. Yurij M. Volfkovich, PhD, is chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences, and is one of the main experts on supercapacitors in Russia.