Future Trends in Microelectronics: Frontiers and Innovations

Leaders in the field predict the future of themicroelectronics industry

This seventh volume of Future Trends in Microelectronicssummarizes and synthesizes the latest high–level scientificdiscussions to emerge from the Future Trends in Microelectronicsinternational workshop, which has occurred every three years since1995. It covers the full scope of cutting–edge topics inmicroelectronics, from new physical principles (quantum computing,correlated electrons), to new materials (piezoelectricnanostructures, terahertz plasmas), to emerging device technologies(embedded magnetic memories, spin lasers, and biocompatiblemicroelectronics).

An ideal book for microelectronics professionals and studentsalike, this volume of Future Trends in Microelectronics:

Identifies the direction in which microelectronics is headed,enabling readers to move forward with research in an informed,efficient, and profitable manner Includes twenty–nine contributor chapters by internationalauthorities from leading universities, major semiconductorcompanies, and government laboratories Provides a unified, cohesive exploration of various trends inmicroelectronics, looking to future opportunities, rather than pastsuccesses

Preface ix
S. Luryi, J. M. Xu and A Zaslavsky

I INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRONICS AND SYSTEMS 1

Technology Innovation, Reshaping the Microelectronics Industry4
K. Kim and U.–I. Chung

Challenges and Limits for Very Low Energy Computation 49
F. Balestra

Getting Rid of the DRAM Capacitor 59
N. Rodriguez, F. Gamiz and S. Cristoloveanu

Physics and Design of Nanoscale Field Effect Diodes for Memoryand ESD Protection Applications 73
D. E. Ioannou, Z. Chbili, A. Z. Badwan, Q. Li, Y. Yang and A.A. Salman

Sharp–Switching CMOS–Compatible Devices with High Current Drive81
J. Wan, S. Cristoloveanu, S. T. Le, A. Zaslavsky, C. Le Royer,S. A. Dayeh, D. E. Perea and S. T. Picraux

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with a Composite Free layer: A NewConcept for Future Universal memory 93
A. Makarov, V. Sverdlov and S. Selberherr

Silicon Carbide High Temperature Electronics Is ThisRocket Science? 102
C. M. Zetterling

Microchip Post–Processing: There is Plenty of Room at the Top110
J. Schmitz

EUV Lithography: Today and Tomorrow 120
V. Y. Banine

Manufacturability and Nanoelectronic Performance 133
M. J. Kelly

II OPTOELECTRONICS IN THE NANO AGE 139

Ultrafast Nanophotonic Devices For Optical Interconnects142
N. N. Ledentsov, V. A. Shchukin and J. A. Lott

Will Optical Communications Meet the Challenges of the Future?160
D. K. Mynbaev

Optical Antennae for Optoelectronics: Impacts, Promises, andLimitations 173
H. Mohseni

Spin Modulation: Teaching Lasers New Tricks 183
J. Lee, G. Boéris, R. Oszwaldowski, K. Výborný,C. Gøthgen and I ?uti

Silicon Photovoltaics: Accelerating to Grid Parity 194
M. R. Pinto

Two– and Three–Dimensional Numerical Simulation of AdvancedSilicon Solar Cells 210
E. Sangiorgi, M. Zanuccoli, R. De Rose, P. Magnone and C.Fiegna

Mechanical Energy harvesting with Piezoelectric Nanostructures:Great Expectations for Autonomous Systems 230
G. Ardila, R. Hinchet, L. Montès and M. Mouis

Charged Quantum Dots for Photovoltaic Conversion and IR Sensing244
A. Sergeev, V. Mitin, N. Vagidov and K. Sablon

Active Optomecjanical Resonators 254
D. Princepe, L. Barea, G. O. Luiz, G. Wiederhecker and N. C.Frateschi

IV PHYSICS FRONTIERS 263

State of the Art and Prospects for Quantum Computing 266
M. I. Dyakonov

Wireless, Implantable Neuroprosthesis: Applying AdvancedTechnology to Untether the Mind 286
D. A. Borton and A. V. Nurmikko

Correlated Electrons: A Platform for Solid State Devices300
S. D. Ha, Y. Zhou, R. Jaramillo and S. Ramanathan

Graphene–Based Integrated Electronic, Photonic and SpintronicCircuit 308
A. D. Güçlü, P. Potasz and P. Hawrylak

Luttinger Liquid Behavior of Long GaAs Quantum Wires 319
E. Levy, I. Sternfeld, M. Eshkol, M. Karpovski, A. Palevski, B.Dwir, A. Rudra, E. Kapon and Y. Oreg

Toward Spin Electronic Devices Based on Semiconductor Nanowires328
S. Heedt, I. Wehrmann, K. Weis, H. Hardtdegen, D.Grützmacher, Th. Schäpers, C. Morgan, D. E. Bürglerand R. Calarco

An Alternative Path for the Fabrication of Self–AssembledIII–Nitride Nanowires 340
A. Haab, M. Mikulics, T. Stoica, B. Kardynal, A. Winden, H.Hardtdegen, D. Grützmacher and E. Sutter

InAs Nanowires with Surface States as Building Blocks forTube–Like Electrical Sensing Transitors 351
N. V. Demarina, M. I. Lepsa and D. Grützmacher

Lévy Flight of Photoexcited Minority Carriers in ModeratelyDoped Semiconductors: Theory and Observation 359
A. Subashiev and S. Luryi

Terahertz Plasma Oscillations in Field Effect transistors: MainIdeas and Experimental Facts 373
W. Knap and M. I. Dyakonov

INDEX 395

SERGE LURYI is a Distinguished Professor and Chair of theElectrical and Computer Engineering Department at Stony BrookUniversity, and Director of the New York State Center for AdvancedTechnology in Sensor Systems. He has published over 240 papers andhas been awarded fifty–one U.S. patents.

JIMMY XU is the Charles C. Tillinghast Jr. ′32 UniversityProfessor of Engineering and Physics at Brown University.Previously, he was the James Ham Chair in Optoelectronics and theNortel Chair Professor, as well as director of the Nortel Institutefor Telecommunications at the University of Toronto. He is a Fellowof the AAAS, APS, Guggenheim Foundation, IEEE, and Institute ofPhysics.

ALEX ZASLAVSKY is a Professor of Engineering and Physicsat Brown University. He has published over 100 journal papers andbook chapters, and co–edited seven books in the microelectronicsfield. He is also an editor of the Solid–State Electronicsinternational journal.