Risk Assessment for Environmental Health

Risk Assessment for Environmental Health Understanding risk to humans is one of the most important problems in environmental public health. Risk assessment is constantly changing with the advent of new exposure assessment tools, more sophisticated models, and a better understanding of disease processes. Risk assessment is also gaining greater acceptance in the developing world where major environmental problems exist. Developed in partnership with the Association of Schools of Public Health, this comprehensive text offers a thorough survey of risk assessment, management, and communications as these practices apply to public health. Written by experts in the field, this important book provides an introduction to current risk assessment practices and procedures and explores the intrinsic complexities, challenges, and controversies associated with analysis of environmental health risks. Risk Assessment for Environmental Health offers 27 substantial chapters on risk–related topics that include: What Is Risk and Why Study Risk Assessment The Risk Assessment–Risk Management Paradigm Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision–Making in Environmental Health Toxicological Basis of Risk Assessment The Application of PBPK Modeling to Risk Assessment Probabilistic Models to Characterize Aggregate and Cumulative Risk Molecular Basis of Risk Assessment Comparative Risk Assessment Occupational Risk Radiological Risk Assessment Microbial Risk Assessment Children′s Risk Assessment Life Cycle Risk Environmental Laws and Regulations Precautionary Principles Risk Communication With ten case studies to illustrate these risk assessment practices, Risk Assessment for Environmental Health is a guide for understanding and implementing risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication in public health.

Figures, Tables, and Exhibits xi Preface xvii About the Editors xxi About the Contributors xxiii 1 Introduction to Risk Assessment in Public Health 1 Mark Robson and Fred Ellerbusch 2 The Risk Assessment–Risk Management Paradigm 11 Gilbert S. Omenn 3 Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making in Environmental Health 31 Felicia Wu and William H. Farland 4 Toxicological Basis for Risk Assessment 55 Tee L. Guidotti and Marina S. Moses 5 The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Risk Assessment 85 Raymond S. H. Yang and Yasong Lu 6 Probabilistic Models for Characterizing Aggregate and Cumulative Risk 121 John L. Adgate and Gurumurthy Ramachandran 7 Molecular Tools for Risk Assessment 155 William A. Toscano and Chisato Mori 8 Comparative Risk Assessment 173 Michele Morrone 9 Risk in the Workplace: Where Analysis Began and Problems Remain Unsolved 187 Adam M. Finkel and P. Barry Ryan 10 Radiological Risk Assessment 239 Ronald O. Rahn and Arthur C. Upton 11 Microbial Risk Assessment 285 Rebecca T. Parkin 12 Children’s Risk Assessment 315 Natalie C. G. Freeman 13 Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Throughout the Life Stages: Requirements and Issues to Consider for Birth Cohort Studies 345 Dana B. Barr, Richard Y. Wang, and Larry L. Needham 14 Overview of Environmental Public Health Laws and Their Relation to Risk 383 Russellyn S. Carruth and Bernard D. Goldstein 15 Why Risk Assessment Is Not Enough to Protect Health: Rationale for a Precautionary Approach to Science and Policy 423 Joel A. Tickner 16 Risk Communication 463 Susan L. Santos CASE STUDIES IN RISK ASSESSMENT 17 Improvement of Risk Assessments for Multicontaminant Sites in the Face of Critical Data Gaps 489 Yoram Cohen and Adrienne Katner 18 Intraspecies Differences in Acute Acrylonitrile Toxicity 511 Gwendolyn Ball, Clif McLellan, and Lori Bestervelt 19 Drinking Water Contamination by Perchlorates from Department of Defense Rocket Fuel Facilities 517 Terry Gratton and Norman Trieff 20 Multi–Pathway Risk Assessment for Children Living Near a Hazardous Waste Site 523 Serap Erdal 21 Child with Asthma Living in a Moisture–Damaged Home 531 Myrtis Sullivan 22 Endocrine Disruption Through Phthalates/Plasticizers 541 Christine Ziebold 23 Estimation of Health and Safety Risks from Exposure to Chlorine and Chloroform for Swimmers in Pools 547 Richard P. Hubner 24 U–Shaped Dose–Response Curve for Risk Assessment of Essential Trace Elements: Copper as a Case Study 555 Bonnie Ransom Stern 25 Ecosystem Risk Assessment: The Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina 563 Craig A. Stow, Mark E. Borsuk, and Kenneth H. Reckhow 26 The Ohio Comparative Risk Project 587 Michele Morrone 27 Community–Based Risk Assessment: DDT Contamination in Triana, Alabama 597 Padma Tadi–Uppala Name Index 605 Subject Index 611

Mark G. Robson , Ph.D., M.P.H., is director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and profesor of entomology at Rutgers University, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey. William A. Toscano , Ph.D., is professor and division head, Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) , sponsor, is the only national organization representing the deans, faculty, and students of the CEPH accredited schools of Public Health in the United States and Mexico.