Evidence–Based Dermatology

EVIDENCE–BASED DERMATOLOGY THIRD EDITION Edited by Hywel C. Williams, DSc, FRCP, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Be sure your skin–care treatments have strong evidential support Evidence–based Dermatology, Third Edition takes a unique approach to clinical dermatology by emphasising use of only the highest quality available evidence when treating people with skin diseases. Beginning with a toolbox introduction to the practice of evidence–based dermatology, it then covers the application of evidence for dermatological treatments across a wide range of ailments, including: • Common inflammatory skin diseases • Skin cancer, moles and actinic keratoses • Infective skin disease, exanthems and infestations • Disorders of pigmentation In addition, many of the rarer skin disorders are also included so as to provide comprehensive coverage of the topic. World–leading experts in dermatology follow a clinical approach for each disease, and as well as providing their expert guidance on the description and diagnosis of dermatologic disorders, they also discuss common dilemmas that clinicians face when considering the best approach to patient management.  ‘Key Points’ accompany each chapter to provide a quick review of the most important points. Clinically oriented and practically focused, Evidence–based Dermatology ensures that your treatments are entirely patient–focused and fully supported by the very latest medical evidence.

Contributors, viii Foreword, xii Preface, xiv About the companion website, xv PART I: The concept of evidence–based dermatology Andrew Herxheimer, editor 1 The field and its boundaries, 3 Luigi Naldi 2 The rationale for evidence–based dermatology, 7 Hywel C. Williams and Michael Bigby 3 The role of patient and public involvement in evidence–based dermatology, 12 Carron Layfield, Amanda Roberts, Jason Simons, Colette O′Sullivan, Anjna Rani, and Kim Thomas 4 The Cochrane Skin Group, 17 Finola Delamere, Liz Doney, Laura Prescott, and Shirley Manknell PART II: The critical appraisal toolbox Michael Bigby, editor 5 Formulating well–built clinical questions, 25 Michael Bigby and Berthold Rzany 6 Finding the best evidence, 27 Michael Bigby and Rosamaria Corona 7 The hierarchy of evidence, 30 Michael Bigby 8 Appraising systematic reviews and meta–analyses, 33 Michael Bigby and Hywel C. Williams 9 How to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial, 39 Hywel C. Williams 10 Assessing and explaining the evidence on harms of medical interventions, 46 Luigi Naldi 11 How to evaluate diagnostic tests, 50 Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby 12 What makes a good case series?, 54 Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby 13 What makes a good prevalence survey?, 58 Hywel C. Williams 14 Critical appraisal of pharmacoeconomic studies, 62 Rajini K. Murthy, Laura K. DeLong, and Suephy C. Chen 15 Comparative effectiveness research: what it is and how to assess its quality, 66 Junko Takeshita and Joel M. Gelfand 16 Outcome measures, 71 Alain Dupuy, Emilie Sbidian, and Sylvie Bastuji–Garin 17 Where does qualitative research fit into evidence–based dermatology?, 75 Ray Jobling and Luigi Naldi 18 Applying the evidence back to the patient, 79 Hywel C. Williams PART III: The evidence SECTION 1: Common inflammatory skin diseases Luigi Naldi, editor 19 Acne vulgaris, 87 Michael Romano and Robert P. Dellavalle 20 Papulopustular rosacea, 106 Alfredo Rebora and Francesco Drago 21 Perioral dermatitis, 112 Vincenzo Bettoli, Stefania Zauli, and Annarosa Virgili 22 Hand eczema, 117 Wietske A. Christoffers, Marie–Louise Anna Schuttelaar, and Pieter–Jan Coenraads 23 The primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, 127 Joanne R. Chalmers, Sam F. Bremmer, and Eric L. Simpson 24 Atopic eczema, 136 Kim Thomas, Carolyn Charman, Helen Nankervis, Jane Ravenscroft, and Hywel C. Williams 25 Seborrheic dermatitis, 169 Mauro Picardo and Norma Cameli 26 Treatment of psoriasis, 175 Alexander Nast, Phyllis Spuls, and Tamar Nijsten 27 Lichen planus, 200 Laurence Le Cleach and Olivier Chosidow 28 Acute urticaria, 206 Torsten Schafer 29 Chronic urticaria, 210 Karsten Weller and Marcus Maurer SECTION 2: Skin cancer, moles, and actinic keratoses Robert Dellavalle, editor 30 Primary prevention of skin cancer, 223 Monika Janda and Adele C. Green 31 Treatment of cutaneous melanoma, 231 Mary Ann N. Johnson and April W. Armstrong 32 Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, 241 Louise Lansbury, William Perkins, and Fiona Bath–Hextall 33 Basal cell carcinoma, 250 Fiona Bath–Hextall and William Perkins 34 Primary cutaneous T–cell lymphoma, 264 Fiona Child and Sean Whittaker 35 Actinic keratosis and Bowen′s disease, 283 Sasha N. Jenkins, Maren Speck, and Suephy C. Chen 36 Kaposi sarcoma, 303 Whitney A. High 37 Melanocytic nevi, 313 Varun Shahi and Jerry D. Brewer SECTION 3: Infective skin diseases, exanthems, and infestations Masutaka Furue and Yuping Ran, editors 38 Local treatments for cutaneous warts, 320 Juping Chen and Yan Wu 39 Molluscum contagiosum, 329 Minh L. Lam 40 Impetigo, 337 Sander Koning, Renske van der Sande, Lisette W.A. van Suijlekom–Smit, and Johannes C. van der Wouden 41 Athlete′s foot, 341 Inajara Rotta, Michel F. Otuki, and Cassyano J. Correr 42 Pityriasis versicolor, 345 Nancy Habib and Michael Bigby 43 Onychomycosis, 349 Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Maryse Paquet, and Fiona Simpson 44 Tinea capitis, 364 Urba Gonzalez 45 Deep fungal infections, 371 Roderick J. Hay 46 Streptococcal cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg, 378 Vinod E. Nambudiri and Michael Bigby 47 Exanthematic reactions, 388 Sandra R. Knowles and Neil H. Shear 48 Herpes simplex, 396 Vera Mahler 49 Leprosy, 407 Saumya Panda 50 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 421 Urba Gonzalez, Armando Ruiz–Baques, and Jorge Alvar 51 Scabies, 432 Ian F. Burgess 52 Head lice, 441 Ian F. Burgess and Ciara S. Casey 53 Insect bites and stings, 451 Belen Lardizabal Dofitas SECTION 4: Disorders of pigmentation Hywel C. Williams, editor 54 Vitiligo, 464 Juan Jorge Manriquez and Sergio M. Niklitschek 55 Melasma, 470 Asad Salim, Ratna Rajaratnam, and Eva Soos Domanne SECTION 5: Common ailments with significant cosmetic impact Berthold Rzany, editor 56 Male and female androgenetic alopecia, 486 Hans Wolff and Kathrin Giehl 57 Alopecia areata, 490 Rod Sinclair 58 Evidence–based treatment of hirsutism, 498 Ulrike Blume–Peytavi and Natalie Garcia–Bartels 59 Focal hyperhidrosis, 504 Kave Shams and Berthold Rzany 60 Dermal fillers, 512 Stephanie Ogden and Tamara Griffiths 61 Reducing mimic wrinkles and folds with botulinum toxin A, 516 Berthold Rzany SECTION 6: Other important skin disorders Michael Bigby, editor 62 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 523 Susan Jessop and David Whitelaw 63 Dermatomyositis, 531 Ruth Ann Vleugels, David F. Fiorentino, and Jeffrey P. Callen 64 Acquired subepidermal bullous diseases, 545 Gudula Kirtschig, Vanessa Venning, Nonhlanhla P. Khumalo, and Fenella Wojnarowska 65 Pemphigus, 552 Linda K. Martin, Brian R. Sperber, Dedee F. Murrell, and Victoria P. Werth 66 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 561 Misha Rosenbach and Joseph C. English III 67 Erythema multiforme, 575 Pierre–Dominique Ghislain and Jean–Claude Roujeau 68 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, 578 Jean–Claude Roujeau, Pierre–Dominique Ghislain, and Laurence Valleyrie–Allanore 69 Polymorphic light eruption, 586 Robert S. Dawe 70 Infantile hemangiomas, 590 Hossain Shahidullah 71 Pruritus, 595 Elke Weisshaar and Gil Yosipovitch 72 Vulval lichen sclerosus, erosive lichen planus, and vulvodynia, 615 Rosalind C. Simpson, Ruth Murphy, and David Nunns 73 Venous ulcers, 624 Jonathan Kantor, David J. Margolis, and Douglas J. Pugliese 74 Other skin diseases for which trials exist, 632 Sinead Langan and Hywel C. Williams PART IV: The future of evidence–based dermatology Luigi Naldi, editor 75 Where do we go from here?, 637 Hywel C. Williams Subject Index, 644