The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing

The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts, methodologies, and applications being undertaken today in computational linguistics and natural language processing. The major developments in this dynamic field and a detailed synopsis of the most cutting–edge research are presented in an accessible way that explains the close connection between scientific understanding of the computational properties of natural language and the creation of effective language technologies. The Handbook serves as an invaluable state–of–the–art reference source for computational linguists and software engineers developing natural language applications in industrial research and development labs of software companies, as well as for graduate students and researchers in computer science, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, and mathematics, working within computational linguistics.

List of Figures ix List of Tables xiv Notes on Contributors xv Preface xxiii Introduction 1 Part I Formal Foundations 9 1 Formal Language Theory 11 SHULY WINTNER 2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language 43 IAN PRATT–HARTMANN 3 Statistical Language Modeling 74 CIPRIAN CHELBA 4 Theory of Parsing 105 MARK–JAN NEDERHOF AND GIORGIO SATTA Part II Current Methods 131 5 Maximum Entropy Models 133 ROBERT MALOUF 6 Memory–Based Learning 154 WALTER DAELEMANS AND ANTAL VAN DEN BOSCH 7 Decision Trees 180 HELMUT SCHMID 8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction 197 ALEXANDER CLARK AND SHALOM LAPPIN 9 Artificial Neural Networks 221 JAMES B. HENDERSON 10 Linguistic Annotation 238 MARTHA PALMER AND NIANWEN XUE 11 Evaluation of NLP Systems 271 PHILIP RESNIK AND JIMMY LIN Part III Domains of Application 297 12 Speech Recognition 299 STEVE RENALS AND THOMAS HAIN 13 Statistical Parsing 333 STEPHEN CLARK 14 Segmentation and Morphology 364 JOHN A. GOLDSMITH 15 Computational Semantics 394 CHRIS FOX 16 Computational Models of Dialogue 429 JONATHAN GINZBURG AND RAQUEL FERNÁNDEZ 17 Computational Psycholinguistics 482 MATTHEW W. CROCKER Part IV Applications 515 18 Information Extraction 517 RALPH GRISHMAN 19 Machine Translation 531 ANDY WAY 20 Natural Language Generation 574 EHUD REITER 21 Discourse Processing 599 RUSLAN MITKOV 22 Question Answering 630 BONNIE WEBBER AND NICK WEBB References 655 Author Index 742 Subject Index 763

Alexander Clark  is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the co–author, with Shalom Lappin, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley–Blackwell, 2010). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering at the University of Essex. He has also taught at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and King′s College London. He is co–author, with Shalom Lappin, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (Wiley–Blackwell, 2005). Shalom Lappin  is Professor of Computational Linguistics at King′s College London. He is editor of the Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (1996); co–author, with Chris Fox, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (2005); and, with Alexander Clark, co–author of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (2010), all published by Wiley–Blackwell.

“Altogether, this Handbook covers a wide variety of topics in NLP and CL and, is of particular use to researchers in the field of MT. On a more general note, graduate students or novice researchers can utilise this book as a comprehensive starting point for their area of interest within NLP or CL … All in all, this is very well compiled book, which effectively balances the width and depth of theories and applications in two very diverse yet closely related fields of language research.”  ( Machine Translation , 18 March 2012)