Aerospace Propulsion

Aerospace propulsion devices embody some of the most advanced technologies, ranging from materials and fl uid control to heat transfer and combustion. In order to maximize performance, sophisticated testing and computer simulation tools are developed and used. Aerospace Propulsion comprehensively covers the mechanics and thermal–fl uid aspects of aerospace propulsion, starting from the fundamental principles, and covering applications to gas–turbine and space propulsion (rocket) systems. It presents modern analytical methods using MATLAB® and other advanced software, and includes essential elements of both gasturbine and rocket propulsion systems. Gas–turbine coverage includes thermodynamic analysis, turbine components, diffusers, compressors, turbines, nozzles, compressor–turbine matching, combustors and afterburners. Rocket coverage includes chemical rockets, electrical rockets, nuclear and solar sail. Key features: Both gas–turbine and rocket propulsion covered in a single volume Presents modern analytical methods and examples Combines fundamentals and applications, including space applications Accompanied by a website containing MATLAB® examples, problem sets and solutions Aerospace Propulsion is a comprehensive textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate aerospace propulsion courses, and is also an excellent reference for researchers and practicing engineers working in this area.

Series Preface ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Propulsion Systems 1 1.1 Conservation of Momentum 7 1.2 Conservation of Energy (the First Law of Thermodynamics) and Other Thermodynamic Relationships 10 1.3 One–Dimensional Gas Dynamics 13 1.4 Heat Transfer 14 1.5 Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 15 1.6 Unit Conversion 17 1.7 Problems 20 Bibliography 20 2 Principle of Thrust 21 2.1 Thrust Configurations 21 2.2 Thrust Equation 23 2.3 Basic Engine Performance Parameters 28 2.4 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 34 2.5 Propeller Propulsion 38 2.6 MATLAB1 Program 39 2.7 Problems 40 Bibliography 42 3 Basic Analyses of Gas–Turbine Engines 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Gas–Turbine Engine as a Power Cycle (Brayton Cycle) 43 3.3 Ideal–Cycle Analysis for Turbofan Engines 49 3.4 Turbojets, Afterburners and Ramjets 61 3.5 Further Uses of Basic Engine Analysis 73 3.6 MATLAB1 Program 76 3.7 Problems 77 Bibliography 79 4 Gas–Turbine Components: Inlets and Nozzles 81 4.1 Gas–Turbine Inlets 81 4.2 Subsonic Diffuser Operation 82 4.3 Supersonic Inlet Operation 91 4.4 Gas–Turbine Nozzles 95 4.5 Problems 98 Bibliography 99 5 Compressors and Turbines 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Basic Compressor Aero–Thermodynamics 103 5.3 Radial Variations in Compressors 115 5.4 Preliminary Compressor Analysis/Design 119 5.5 Centrifugal Compressors 120 5.6 Turbine 123 5.7 MATLAB1 Programs 129 5.8 Problems 131 Bibliography 133 6 Combustors and Afterburners 135 6.1 Combustion Chambers 135 6.2 Jet Fuels and Heating Values 137 6.3 Fluid Mixing in the Combustor 141 6.4 Afterburners 149 6.5 Combustor Heat Transfer 152 6.6 Stagnation Pressure Loss in Combustors 153 6.7 Problems 155 Bibliography 157 7 Gas–Turbine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 159 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Turbofan Engine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 160 7.3 MATLAB1 Program 172 7.4 Problems 174 Bibliography 175 8 Basics of Rocket Propulsion 177 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Basic Rocketry 182 8.3 MATLAB1 Programs 189 8.4 Problems 190 Bibliography 191 9 Rocket Propulsion and Mission Analysis 193 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Trajectory Calculations 195 9.3 Rocket Maneuvers 203 9.4 Missile Pursuit Algorithms and Thrust Requirements 209 9.5 Problems 213 Bibliography 215 10 Chemical Rockets 217 10.1 Rocket Thrust 217 10.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 220 10.3 Solid Propellant Combustion 244 10.4 Rocket Nozzles 252 10.5 MATLAB1 Program 256 10.6 Problems 256 Bibliography 258 11 Non–Chemical Rockets 259 11.1 Electrothermal Devices 261 11.2 Ion Thrusters 265 11.3 Problems 280 Bibliography 282 Appendices 283 Appendix A: Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 283 Appendix B: Specific Heats for Air as a Function of Temperature 286 Appendix C: Normal Shock Properties 287 Appendix D: Oblique Shock Angle Chart 291 Appendix E: Polynomial Coefficients for Specific Heat of Selected Gases 292 Appendix F: Standard state Gibbs free energy 293 Index 295

T.W. Lee, Arizona State University, USA T.W. Lee is currently an Associate Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department at Arizona State University. He has been teaching an Aerospace Propulsion class for the last 15 years and is the author of two books. His research interests include combustion, thermal–fluids, and propulsion systems and current projects include hypersonic inlets and supersonic reactors.