Nanoparticulate Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing

Explains each step in designing and processing nanoparticulate materials With detailed coverage of synthesis, characterization, assembly, shaping, and sintering, this book offers a systematic and comprehensive treatment of nanoparticulate materials. The author helps readers make the bridge from conventional particulate materials to nanoparticle-based materials, pointing out the key similarities and differences. Moreover, readers will learn about the many types of new and emerging nanoparticulate materials, including metals, ceramics, and semiconductors. Chapters are arranged in logical order, enabling readers to follow the typical sequence of tasks needed to design and process nanoparticulate materials. The book begins with an introductory chapter, which includes an overview of processing and key scientific and technical challenges. Next, it covers: Nanoparticle synthesis Nanoparticle characterization Nanoparticle-based superstructures Nanoparticle-based material shaping Sintering Manufacturing and emerging areas Throughout the book, illustrations and images clarify and simplify core concepts, techniques, and processes. Questions at the end of each chapter make it possible for readers to apply their newfound knowledge by solving key challenges in nanoparticulate materials processing. There are also references at the end of each chapter that serve as a gateway to the primary literature in the field. Nanoparticulate Materials is ideal for students, offering them a broad overview of the fundamentals in the field. All chapters are self-contained units, enabling instructors to easily adapt this book for coursework. The book also sets forth the latest advances and new frontiers of research for more experienced materials researchers and engineers.

PREFACE xv LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Nanoparticle–Based Materials 2 1.3 Unique Characteristics 3 1.4 Properties 7 1.5 Key Scientific and Technical Challenges 14 1.6 Applications 16 1.7 Processing Overview 18 1.8 Summary 21 Questions 21 References 21 2 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Theory 25 2.3 Gas–Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis 32 2.4 Liquid Nanoparticle Synthesis 53 2.5 Solid Nanoparticle Synthesis 102 2.6 Summary 109 Questions 115 References 116 3 NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION 128 3.1 Introduction 128 3.2 Size, Shape, and Morphology 130 3.3 Energetics and Global Thermodynamics 144 3.4 Surface Area 146 3.5 Porosity and Pore Size 148 3.6 Structure 150 3.7 Composition 161 3.8 Needs in Nanoscale Characterization 183 3.9 Summary 184 Questions 189 References 189 4 NANOPARTICLE–BASED SUPERSTRUCTURES 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Top–Down Processes 196 4.3 Bottom–Up Processes 217 4.4 Hybrid 236 4.5 Templating 242 4.6 Three–Dimensional Assembly 252 4.7 Summary 256 Questions 256 References 257 5 NANOPARTICLE–BASED MATERIAL SHAPING 263 5.1 Introduction 263 5.2 Dry Forming Techniques 264 5.3 Semidry Forming Techniques 272 5.4 Wet Forming Techniques 282 5.5 Digital Processing Techniques 304 5.6 Bio–Derived Processes 313 5.7 Summary 316 Questions 319 References 320 6 SINTERING 329 6.1 Introduction 329 6.2 Theories 330 6.3 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Sintering 334 6.4 Porous Nanoparticle Material Sintering 341 6.5 Dense Nanoparticle–Based Material Sintering 359 6.6 Summary 383 Questions 384 References 385 7 MANUFACTURING ISSUES AND EMERGING AREAS 394 7.1 Introduction 394 7.2 Defects and Measurement 396 7.3 Process and Quality Control 401 7.4 Modeling and Simulation 402 7.5 Environmental and Health Concerns 407 7.6 Summary 412 Questions 413 References 413 APPENDIX 1 EXPLANATION OF UNFAMILIAR NOMENCLATURES 415 APPENDIX 2 PREFIXES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 425 INDEX 427

KATHY LU, PhD, is a Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Virginia Tech who teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses. She has authored three book chapters and some 100 papers as well as edited four books. Dr. Lu has been honored with several awards, including the Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award, Karl Schwartzwalder-PACE Award, and Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award.

“The fact that this book on an important branch of nanotechnology is not an assemblage of chapters by individual authors but a comprehensive treatment by a single author gives it an excellent flow. A timely addition to a rapidly advancing subject. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper–division undergraduates through professionals.”  ( Choice, 1 August 2013)