Photonics, Volume 4: Biomedical Photonics, Spectroscopy, and Microscopy

Discusses the basic physical principles underlying Biomedical Photonics, spectroscopy and microscopy

This volume discusses biomedical photonics, spectroscopy and microscopy, the basic physical principles underlying the technology and its applications. The topics discussed in this volume are: Biophotonics; Fluorescence and Phosphorescence; Medical Photonics; Microscopy; Nonlinear Optics; Ophthalmic Technology; Optical Tomography; Optofluidics; Photodynamic Therapy; Image Processing; Imaging Systems; Sensors; Single Molecule Detection; Futurology in Photonics.

Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonics Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of light Deals with the rapidly advancing area of modern optics Chapters are written by top scientists in their field
Written for the graduate level student in physical sciences; Industrial and academic researchers in photonics, graduate students in the area; College lecturers, educators, policymakers, consultants, Scientific and technical libraries, government laboratories, NIH.

David L. Andrews leads research on fundamental molecular photonics and energy transport, optomechanical forces and nonlinear optical phenomena. He has over 160 research papers and also eight books to his name – including the widely adopted textbook Lasers in Chemistry. The current focus of his research group is on novel mechanisms for optical nanomanipulation and switching, and light–harvesting in nanostructured molecular systems. The group enjoys strong international links, particularly with groups in Canada, Lithuania, New Zealand and the United States. Andrews is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and he is the inaugural Chair of the SPIE Nanotechnology Technical Group.

1 Fluorescence

David Birch, Yu Chen, Olaf J. Rolinski

1.1 Introduction

1. 2 Spectra

1.3 Quantum yield

1.4 Lifetime

1.5 Quenching

1.6 Anisotropy

1.7 Microscopy

1.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

 

2 Single–Molecule Detection and Spectroscopy

Michel Orrit

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Experimental Setups

2.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy

2.4 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

2.5 Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy

2.6 Other Detection Methods

2.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

 

3 Resonance Energy Transfer

David Andrews, David Bradshaw, Rayomond Dinshaw, and Gregory Scholes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 History of RET

3.3 The photophysics of RET

3.4 Investigative applications of RET in molecular biology

3.5 The role of RET in light–harvesting complexes

Acknowledgements

References

 

 

4 Biophotonics of Photosynthesis

Ryszard Jankowiak and Valter Zazubovits

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Structure of pigment–protein complexes and structure–function relationships

4.3 Key concepts in physics of pigment–protein complexes

4.4 Experimental techniques.

4.5 Examples

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

 

5 Optical Sectioning Microscopy and Biological Imaging

John Girkin

5.1 Introduction and Background

5.2 Confocal Imaging

5.3 Non–Linear Microscopy

5.4 Practical Implementation of Non–Linear Microscopy

5.5 Recent Advances in Non–linear Microscopy

5.6 Widefield Optical Sectioning by Specialised Illumination Methods

5.7 Summary

References

 

 

6 Cell Handling, Sorting and Viability

Thomas Aabo, Andrew Bañas, Jesper Glückstad, and Darwin Palima

6.1 Handling cells with light

6.2 Optical Sorting

6.3 Cell Viability

References

 

7 Tissue Polarimetry

Antonello De Martino, Nirmalya Ghosh, and Alex Vitkin

7.1 Introduction

7. 2 Polarized Light Fundamentals

7.3 Instrumentation

7.4 Forward Modeling and Testing in Phantoms

7.5 Applications

7.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

 

8 Optical waveguide biosensors
Daphne Duval and Laura Lechuga

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fundamentals of label–free optical waveguide biosensing

8.3 Surface biofunctionalization

8.4 Evaluation of optical biosensors

8.5 Integrated optical waveguide–based biosensors

8.6 VI Optical fiber–based biosensors

8.7 Lab–on–a–chip integration

8.8 Summary

References

 

9 Light Propagation in Highly–scattering Turbid Media: Concepts, Techniques,

and Biomedical Applications

R.R. Alfano, S.K. Gayen, W.B. Wang, and L. Wang

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Physics behind optical imaging through a highly scattering turbid medium

9.3 Study of ballistic and diffuse light components

9.4 Photon sorting gates

9.5 Transition from ballistic to diffuse light in turbid media

9.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

 

10 Photodynamic Therapy

Pinar Avci, Rakkiyappan Chandran, Michael Hamblin, Magesh Sadasivam, Tyler G. St. Denis, and Daniela Vecchio

10.1 Historical overview of PDT

10.2 Introduction to PDT

10.3 Photosensitizer structure and photophysical properties

10.4 Light dosimetry and photodynamic therapy light sources

10.5 Light–based strategies to enhance PDT

10.6 PDT targeting and nanotechnology

10.7 PDT for dermatology

10.8 PDT for oncology

10.9 PDT for infectious disease

10.10 PDT in ophthalmology

10.11 PDT and the immune system

10.12 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

 

 

11 Imaging and Probing Cells beyond the Optical Diffraction Limit

Thomas Huser and Mark Schüttpelz

11.1 The quest for achieving optical resolution beyond Abbe s limit

11.2 Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy

11.3 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction

Microscopy (STORM)

11.4 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)

11.5 Super–resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging and Other Approaches

11.6 Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

 

12 Ophthalmic Technology

Christopher A. Clark and Ann E. Elsner

12.1 Basic Ocular Anatomy and Physiology

12.2 Measurement techniques

12.3 Anterior Segment Diagnostics, Refractive Measurements, and Treatment

12.4 Diagnostic Applications and Treatment of Posterior Segment

References

David L. Andrews leads research on fundamental molecular photonics and energy transport, optomechanical forces and nonlinear optical phenomena. He has over 160 research papers and also eight books to his name – including the widely adopted textbook Lasers in Chemistry. The current focus of his research group is on novel mechanisms for optical nanomanipulation and switching, and light–harvesting in nanostructured molecular systems. The group enjoys strong international links, particularly with groups in Canada, Lithuania, New Zealand and the United States. Andrews is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and he is the inaugural Chair of the SPIE Nanotechnology Technical Group.