Sustainable Healthcare Architecture

Written by a leading healthcare architect named one of Fast Company's 100 most creative people in business and a sustainability expert recognized by Time magazine as a Green Innovator, Sustainable Healthcare Architecture, Second Edition is fully updated to incorporate the latest sustainable design approaches and information as applied to hospitals and other healthcare facilities. It is the essential guide for architects, interior designers, engineers, healthcare professionals, and administrators who want to create healthy environments for healing.

Sustainable Healthcare Architecture, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the design, construction, and operation of state-of-the-art sustainable healthcare facilities.

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Key Sustainability Indicators and Infographic xvii

PART 1 CONTEXT 1

CHAPTER 1 DESIGN AND STEWARDSHIP 3

INTRODUCTION 3

THE CASE FOR STEWARDSHIP 4

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 7

THE PROFESSION OF ARCHITECTURE 7

THE ETHICAL CHALLENGE FOR DESIGNERS 10

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN 10

CLEANER PRODUCTION 11

THE PATRICK H. DOLLARD DISCOVERY HEALTH CENTER 12

LIFE CYCLE THINKING 14

CRADLE-TO-CRADLE DESIGN 16

LIVING BUILDINGS 17

ESSAY

LIVING BUILDINGS AND A RESTORATIVE FUTURE by Jason F. McLennan 18

CONCLUSION—THE NEXT GENERATION 21

CHAPTER 2 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH 23

INTRODUCTION 23

THE GLOBAL IMPACTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 24

CLIMATE CHANGE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 25

ESSAY

WHERE WE HEAL: THE IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS TO

OUR HEALTH AND THE PLANET’S by Aaron Bernstein, MD 27

URBAN PLANNING AND PUBLIC HEALTH 28

SPRAWL AND AIR QUALITY 31

SMART GROWTH AND HEALTHY CITIES 32

ACTIVE DESIGN 33

ESSAY

ACTIVE DESIGN: CONVERGING DESIGN EFFORTS TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND ADDRESS TODAY’S LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH
by Karen K. Lee, MD and Joyce S. Lee 34

AIR POLLUTION 36

WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITY 38

GAVIOTAS HOSPITAL 40

INDOOR AIR QUALITY 41

CONCLUSION—THE FUTURE 41

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT AND MEDICINE 45

INTRODUCTION 45

THE STATE OF HEALTH IN THE WORLD 46

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 47

ECOLOGICAL MEDICINE 49

PROTEA HEALTH 52

HEALTHCARE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 54

ESSAY

TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE by Gary Cohen 55

THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 59

MEDICINE’S ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT 59

CONCLUSION 60

CHAPTER 4 NATURE AND HEALING 65

INTRODUCTION 65

THE TRADITION OF NATURE AND HEALING 66

THE THERAPEUTIC SPA MOVEMENT 66

NATURE RECONSIDERED 67

BIOPHILIA 68

BIOPHILIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 69

URBANIZATION AND NATURE 70

LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION 70

HEALING LANDSCAPE 70

SIDNEY AND LOIS ESKENAZI HOSPITAL AND HEALTH CAMPUS 72

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE 78

CONCLUSION 79

PART 2 ACTUALIZING THE VISION 81

CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING PERFORMANCE 83

INTRODUCTION 83

TOOLS AND METRICS 84

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PIONEERS 95

POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION—PROVIDENCE NEWBERG MEDICAL CENTER 96

POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION—DELL CHILDREN’S MEDICAL CENTER OF CENTRAL TEXAS 97

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 98

ESSAY

ENERGY STAR: IT’S NOT JUST A SCORE; IT’S A GOAL AND A STRATEGY by Clark Reed 101

LEGACY SALMON CREEK 104

ENERGY END USE MONITORING 105

ESSAY

TARGETING 100! by Heather Burpee and Joel Loveland 105

THE TOXIC-FREE HOSPITAL 119

ESSAY

THE PBT-FREE CHALLENGE by Tom Lent 121

TOOLS FOR DESIGNERS AND SPECIFIERS TO DE-SELECT TOXICANTS 124

VISUALIZING THE PATH AHEAD 125

CONCLUSION 126

CASE STUDIES

01 Dell Children’s Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, TX 127

02 OHSU Center for Health and Healing, Portland, OR 131

03 Peace Island Medical Center, Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, WA 134

04 Sherman Hospital, Elgin, IL 137

05 Kiowa County Memorial Hospital, Greensburg, KS 139

06 Kohinoor Hospital, Mumbai, India 141

07 The Dyson Centre for Neonatal Care, Royal United Hospital, Bath, England 144

08 St. Mary’s Hospital Sechelt Addition, Sechelt, BC, Canada 146

09 New Karolinska Solna University Hospital, Stockholm County, Sweden 148

10 UCSF Medical Center at Mission Bay, San Francisco, CA 151

11 Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA 154

CHAPTER 6 MEASURING VALUE 161

INTRODUCTION 161

HEALTHCARE AND THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE 162

THE ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE 163

ESSAY

LEED CERTIFIED HOSPITALS: PERSPECTIVES ON CAPITAL COST PREMIUMS AND OPERATIONAL BENEFITS by Breeze Glazer, Robin Guenther, and Gail Vittori 166

TRADING CAPITAL COST FOR OPERATIONAL SAVINGS 174

CROSSING THE CAPITAL-OPERATIONS CHASM: PROVIDENCE HEALTH & SERVICES 175

CAN SUSTAINABLE HOSPITALS BEND THE HEALTH CARE COST CURVE? 176

THE SOCIAL VALUE OF SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE 177

DELL CHILDREN’S MEDICAL CENTER OF CENTRAL TEXAS POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION 178

THE LIVING BUILDING FINANCIAL STUDY 180

CONCLUSION 183

CHAPTER 7 LESSONS FROM HEALTH SYSTEMS 185

UNITED KINGDOM’S NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE 185

GUY’S HOSPITAL TOWER, LONDON 191

CASE STUDIES

12 Mittal Children’s Medical Centre, London, United Kingdom 193

13 The Bluestone Unit, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, Northern Ireland 196

14 New South West Acute Hospital, Enniskillen, Northern Ireland 199

SYSTEM PROFILE: Partners Healthcare 202

15 The Lunder Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 209

16 Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA 212

SYSTEM PROFILE: Providence Health & Services 215

PROVIDENCE NEWBERG: Five Lessons Learned 217

17 Providence Newberg Medical Center, Newberg, OR 219

18 Providence St. Peter Hospital, Olympia, WA 221

SYSTEM PROFILE: Gundersen Health System 224

19 Gundersen LaCrosse Hospital Addition 228

SYSTEM PROFILE: Kaiser Permanente 231

KAISER PERMANENTE’S JOURNEY TO SUSTAINABILITY 234

20 Small Hospital, Big Idea Competition 236

PART 3 SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE TODAY 243

CHAPTER 8 GLOBAL SURVEY 245

CASE STUDIES

21 Akershus University Hospital, Loreskøg, Norway 245

22 Butaro Hospital, Burera District, Rwanda 252

23 Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands 257

Trias Energetica 260

24 First People’s Hospital, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China 263

25 Hospital Universitario San Vincente de Paul, Rionegro, Colombia 268

26 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, The Republic of Singapore 272

27 Portadown Health and Care Centre, Portadown, Northern Ireland 278

28 REHAB Centre for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries, Basel, Switzerland 284

29 Reina Sofi a Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Ensanche de Vallecas, Madrid, Spain 291

30 The New Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 297

31 Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 304

32 Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, Soba (Khartoum), Sudan 314

33 Santa Lucia University General Hospital, Cartagena, Spain 315

34 St. Bartholomew’s and The Royal London Hospitals, London, England 322

35 Swedish Medical Center, Issaquah, WA 329

Ten Lessons Learned 333

36 Ysbyty Aneurin Bevan (Aneurin Bevan Hospital), Ebbw Vale, Blaenau Gwent, Wales 335

PART 4 VISIONING THE FUTURE 341

CHAPTER 9 TOWARD A NEW LANGUAGE OF FORM 343

INTRODUCTION 343

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN HOSPITAL 344

RIKSHOSPITALET-RADIUMHOSPITALET MEDICAL CENTRE 348

DOUBLING DAYLIGHT 351

CASE STUDIES

37 Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherland 361

38 Arras Hospital Centre, Arras, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France 365

39 Pediatric and Cardiac Center of the Innsbruck University Clinic, Innsbruck, Austria 368

40 Helsingør Psychiatric Clinic, Helsingør (Elsinore), Denmark 371

41 Rhine Ordinance Barracks Medical Center Replacement, Kaiserslautern, Germany 375

42 Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and Jurong Community Hospital, The Republic of Singapore 378

43 Nanaimo Regional General Hospital Emergency Department Addition, Nanaimo, BC, Canada 381

44 Seattle Children’s Bellevue Clinic, Bellevue, WA 384

45 Pictou Landing Mi’Kmaq Community Health Centre, Trenton, Nova Scotia, Canada 386

46 Kenya Women’s and Children’s Wellness Centre, Nairobi, Kenya 390

47 Tata Medical Centre Cancer Hospital, Kolkata, India 392

48 CBF [Centre pour le Bien-être des Femmes] Women’s Health Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 395

CHAPTER 10 CREATING THE TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY HOSPITAL 399

INTRODUCTION 399

TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY HEALTHCARE 401

CONCLUSION 412

CASE STUDIES

49 The Ubuntu Centre, Zwide Township, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 414

50 Jubilee Gardens Health Centre and Library, London, England 417

51 Old Town Recovery Center, Portland, OR 419

52 Waldron Health Centre, Lewisham, South London, England 422

53 Mirebalais National Teaching Hospital, Mirebalais, Haiti 426

54 Embassy Medical Center, Colombo, Sri Lanka 429

55 All Ukrainian Health Protection Centre for Mothers and Children, Kiev, Ukraine 432

INDEX 435