Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing

Presents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar–based physiological monitoring

This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non–contact monitoring methods.  Basic radio wave propagation and radar principles are introduced along with the fundamentals of physiological motion and measurement. Specific design and implementation considerations for physiological monitoring radar systems are then discussed in detail. The authors address current research and commercial development of Doppler radar based physiological monitoring for healthcare and other applications.

Explains pros and cons of different Doppler radar architectures, including CW, FMCW, and pulsed Doppler radar Discusses nonlinear demodulation methods, explaining dc offset, dc information, center tracking, and demodulation enabled by dc cancellation Reviews advanced system architectures that address issues of dc offset, spectrum folding, motion interference, and range resolution Covers Doppler radar physiological measurements demonstrated to date, from basic cardiopulmonary rate extractions to more involved volume assessments

Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing serves as a fundamental reference for radar, biomedical, and microwave engineers as well as healthcare professionals interested in remote physiological monitoring methods.

Olga Boric–Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and an IEEE Fellow.  She is widely recognized as a pioneer and leader in microwave radar technologies for non–contact cardiopulmonary monitoring, and in the design of integrated circuits for biomedical applications.

Victor M. Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.  He is an emeritus IEEE Distinguished Microwave Lecturer and has over 25 years of experience in research and development of devices and methods for radio–based remote sensing systems.

Amy Droitcour, PhD, has spent ten years developing radar–based vital signs measurement technology through her dissertation research and leading product development as CTO of Kai Medical. She currently serves as Senior Vice President of R&D at Wave 80 Biosciences.

Byung–Kwon–Park, PhD, is a senior research engineer at the Mechatronics R&D Center in Korea.

Aditya Singh, PhD, is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Hawaii Neuroscience and MRI research Program.

List of Contributors

1. Introduction (Amy Droitcour, Olga Boric–Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke)

1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring

1.2 Need for Non–Contact Physiological Monitoring

1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring

1.4 References

2. Radar Principles (Ehsan Yavari, Olga Boric–Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada)

2.1 Brief History of Radar

2.2 Radar Principle of Operation

2.3 Doppler Radar

2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar

2.5 Radar Applications

2.6 References

3. Physiological Motion and Measurement (Amy Droitcour, Olga Boric–Lubecke)

3.1 Respiratory System Motion

3.2 Heart System Motion

3.3 Circulatory System Motion

3.4 Interaction of Respiratory, Heart, and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface

3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion

3.6 References

4. Physiological Doppler Radar Overview (Aditya Singh, Byung–Kwon Park, Olga Boric–Lubecke, Isar Mostafanezhad, and Victor M. Lubecke)

4.1 RF Front End

4.2 Baseband Module

4.3 Signal Processing

4.4 Noise Source

4.5 Conclusions

4.6 References

5. CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges (Aditya Singh, Alex Vergara, Amy Droitcour, Byung–Kwon Park, Olga Boric–Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke)

5.1 RF Front End

5.2 Baseband Module

5.3 Signal Demodulation

5.4  References

6. Sources of noise and Signal to Noise Ratio (Amy Droitcour, Olga Boric–Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada)

6.1 Signal Power, Radar Equation, and Radar Cross Section

6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise, Range Correlation, and Residual Phase Noise

6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources

6.4 Signal to Noise Ratio

6.5 Validation of Range Correlation

6.6 Human Testing Validation

6.7 References

7. Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments (John Kiriazi, Olga Boric–Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Wansuree Massagram)

7.1 Actigraphy

7.2 Respiratory Rate

7.3 Tidal Volume

7.4 Heart Rates

7.5 Heart Rate Variability

7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

7.7 RCS and Subject Orientation

7.8 References

8. Advance Performance Architectures (Aditya Singh, Aly Fathy, Isar Mostafanezhad, Jenshan Lin, Olga Boric–Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Yazhou Wang)

8.1  DC Offset and Spectrum Folding

8.2 Motion Interference Suppression

8.3 Range Detection

8.4  References

9. Applications and Future Research (Aditya Singh and Victor Lubecke)

9.1 Commercial Development

9.2 Recent Research Areas

9.3 Conclusion

9.4 References