Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers

Electrical Engineering / Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers
With the advent of integrated circuits, digital systems have become widely used in modern electronic devices, including communications and measurement equipment. Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers (DDS or DDFS) are used in communications as transmitter exciters, phase modulators, and local oscillators in receivers. The advantages are small size, superior frequency stability (the same as that of the driving clock oscillator), and short switching times. The difficulties are lower RF output frequencies and rather large spurious signals. Compiled for engineers dealing with systems and practical applications, Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers—a collection of 40 important reprinted papers and nine new contributions—presents a comprehensive introduction to DDS properties and a clear understanding of actual devices. The information in this volume can lead to easier computer simulations and improved designs. Featured topics include:Discussion of principles and state–of–the–art, wide–range DDSInvestigation of spurious signals in DDSCombination of DDS with phase–lock loopsExamination of phase and background noise in DDSIntroduction to digital–to–analog conversionAnalysis of mathematics of quasiperiodic omission of pulsesDirect Digital Frequency Synthesizers can also serve as a textbook for students seeking essential background theory.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Part I Introduction and Tutorial.
Synthesis Technique (V. F. Kroupa).
Part II Direct Digital Single–Frequency Synthesizers.
A Frequency Synthesizer for 10/27T kHz (G. W. Small, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, March 1973).
Approximating Frequency Synthesizers (V. F. Kroupa, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, December 1974).
Part III Wide–Range Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers.
A Digital Frequency Synthesizer (J. Tierney, C. M. Radre, and B. Gold, IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, March 1971).
CMOS/SOS Frequency Synthesizer LSI Circuit for Spread Spectrum Communications (D. A. Sunderland, R. A. Strauch, S. S. Wharfield, H. T. Peterson, and C. R. Cole, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, August 1984).
A High–Speed Direct Frequency Synthesizer (P. H. Saul and D. G. Taylor, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, February 1990).
Single Chip 500 MHz Function Generator (P. H. Saul, W. Barber, D. G. Taylor, and T. Ward, IEE Proceedings–G, April 1991).
Low–Latency, High–Speed Numerically Controlled Oscillator Using Progression–of–States Technique (M. Thompson, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, January 1992).
Part IV Spurious Signals in Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers.
Spectra of Pulse Rate Frequency Synthesizers (V. F. Kroupa, Proceedings of the IEEE, December 1979).
Noise Spectra of Digital Sine–Generators Using the Table–Lookup Method (S. Mehrgardt, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, August 1983).
An Analysis of the Output Spectrum of Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers in the Presence of Phase–Accumulator Truncation (H. T. Nicholas III, and H. Samueli, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1987).
The Optimization of Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer Performance in the Presence of Finite Word Length Effects (H. T. Nicholas III, H. Samueli, and B. Kim, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1988).
Methods of Mapping From Phase to Sine Amplitude in Direct Digital Synthesis (J. Vankka, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, March 1997).
A 150–MHz Direct Digit al Frequency Synthesizer in 1.25–j/,m CMOS with –90–dBc Spurious Performance (H. T. Nicholas III, and H. Samueli, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, December 1991).
An Exact Spectral Analysis of a Number Controlled Oscillator Based Synthesizer (J. F. Garvey and D. Babitch, Proceedings of the 44th Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1990).
Part V Reduction of Spurious Signals in Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers.
Spurious Suppression in Direct Digital Synthesizers (C. E. Wheatley and D. E. Phillips, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1981).
A Low–Frequency, High Resolution Digital Synthesizer (R. P. Giffard and L. S. Cutler, Proceedings—IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, 1997).
A Spurious Reduction Technique for High–Speed Direct Digital Synthesizers (L. J. Kushner and M. T. Ainsworth, Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, 1996).
A Direct–Digital Synthesizer with Improved Spectral Performance (P. O′Leary and F. Maloberti, IEEE Transactions on Communications, July 1991).
Spur–Reduced Digital Sinusoid Synthesis (M. J. Flanagan and G. A. Zimmerman, IEEE Transactions on Communications, July 1995).
Spectral Properties of DDFS: Computer Simulations and Experimental Verifications (V. F. Kroupa, Adaptation: 1993 and 1994 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposia and the 8th European Frequency and Time Forum, March 1994).
Part VI Combination of DDFS with Phase Locked Loops (PLLs).
Principles of Phase Locked Loops (PLL) (V. F. Kroupa, A specially written paper for this volume).
Low–Noise Microwave–Frequency Synthesizers: Design Principles (V. F. Kroupa, IEE Proceeding–H, December 1983).
A J–Band Spread–Spectrum Synthesizer Using a Combination of DDS and Phaselock Techniques (M. V. Harris, C olloquium on "Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis," IEEE Digest No: 1991/172, November 1991).
Principles of Fractional–N Frequency Synthesizers (V. F. Kroupa, A specially written paper for this volume).
A Multiple Modulator Fractional Divider (B. Miller and R. J. Conley, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements). June 1991.
A Fast–Settling GaAs–Enhanced Frequency Synthesizer (J. F. Naber, H. P. Singh, W. J. Tanis, A. J. Koshar, and G. L. Segalla, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, October 1992).
Part VII Phase and Background Noise in DDFS.
Introduction to the Noise Properties of Frequency Sources (V. F. Kroupa, A specially written paper for this volume).
Close–to–the–Carrier Noise in DDFS (V. F. Kroupa, Based on a paper that originally appeared in the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, November 1996).
Phase Noise in Direct Digital Synthesizers (E. M. Mattison and L. M. Coyle, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1988).
A Direct Digital Synthesizer with 100–MHz Output Capability (P. H. Saul and M. S. J. Mudd, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, June 1988).
An Analysis Methodology to Identify Dominant Noise Sources in D/A and A/D Converters (J. A. Connelly and K. P. Taylor, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, October 1991).
Part VIII Digital–to–Analog Converters.
Digital–to–Analog Converters (V. R Kroupa, A specially written paper for this volume).
A Monolithic 10–b Digital–to–Analog Converter Using Ion Implantation (G. Kelson, H. H. Stellrecht, and D. S. Perloff, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, December 1973).
An Inherently Monotonic 12 Bit DAC (J. A. Schoeff, IEEE Journal of Solid–State Circuits, December 1979).
An 8–Bit, 5 ns Monolithic D/A Converter Subsystem (P. H. Saul,