Applications of Synthetic Resin Latices: Latices in Surface Coatings – Emulsion Paints

The production of polymer latices has developed over the past half–century from pioneer status to a major industry with an annual production of over 6 million tonnes of polymers. Over this period, increased understanding of their many technical applications has extended the usefulness of water–based latices both technically and commercially. With present trends in ensuring environmental safety, water–based latices play an ever–increasing role, overcoming the limitations of water–soluble and solvent–based polymers in a diverse range of applications.
This title is one of a three volume set entitled The Applications of Synthetic Resin Latices, which discusses the preparation and application of specific groups of latices or polymer emulsions.
Volume 2 Latices in Surface Coatings: Emulsion Paints describes the principles of the formulation, manufacture and application properties of water–based ′emulsion′ paints and related surface coatings. Emulsion (architectural) paints, including industrial finishes, have, with adhesives, been a major field in the application of synthetic latices, therefore this volume has been devoted to this important topic. Developments including theoretical studies, film formation and in practical application, ambient cure, improved microbiocides, coatings for metal, and fire resistant coatings, are all covered in this volume. Topics such as electrodeposition and electroless deposition are included with industrial finishes.


Spis treści:
Preface.
A Note on References.
Patent Validity.
Introduction.
SURFACE COATINGS, DECORATIVE, FUNDAMENTALS AND RAW MATERIALS.
Historical Introduction.
Fundamental Formulation and Requirements.
The principal constituents.
General emulsion requirements.
Plasticisation, including transient plasticisers.
Corrosion resistance [storage].
Vinyl Acetate Polymers and Copolymers.
Homopolymers; formulation.
Paint formulation–general.
Plasticiser variations.
Vinyl acetate copolymer latices.
Formulation of copolymer latices and paints.
Chemically resistant copolymer latices.
Vinyl acetate–olefin copolymers.
Miscellaneous and crosslinking additives.
Prepigmented latices.
Acrylic Latices as Paint Media.
General properties.
Formulation modificcations.
Acrylics with reactive groups.
Technical latices.
Manufacturing techniques for acrylic latex paints.
Comparisons of vinyl ester/acrylic latices for latex paints.
Hydrocarbon Polymer Emulsion Paints.
Styrene latices.
Styrene–butadiene copolymers.
Vinyl Halide Polymers.
Vinyl chloride–vinyl ester copolymers.
Vinyl chloride–ethylene copolymers.
Polymers including fluorine.
Miscellaneous and Crosslinked Polymers.
′Core–shell′ type copolymers in emulsion.
Emulsion Comparisons.
Photochemical degradation.
Pigments.
Titanium dioxide.
Zinc oxide.
Lithopone and antimony oxide.
Metallic aluminium pigments.
The Principal Extenders.
Formulation with extenders.
Coloured Pigments.
Universal Tinters.
Dispersible pigment powders.
Organic Extenders.
EMULSION PAINTS–FORMULATION.
Aspects of Emulsion Paint Rheology.
Effects of surfactants.
Dispersion and dispersing agents.
General colloid effects.
Viscosity.
Thixotropy and related phenomena.
Surfactant transfer.
Foam control agents.
Adhesion.
Temperature Stability.
Freeze–thaw stability.
HIgh–temperature (tropical) stability.
Film Formation.
Film drying and pH effects.
Water resistance of paint films.
Efflorescence: lime staining.
Specific claims to film formation.
Microbiological Problems, Other Organic Growths and Remedies.
Introduction.
Microbiocides–general.
Microbiocides–metal componds.
Studies on fungicides an d fungistats.
Bactericides and bacteriostats.
Some miscellaneous microbiocidal agents.
Algae.
Polymers with microbiocidal properties.
Miscellaneous test.
General papers.
Undercoats, Primer–Sealers and Recoating Old Oil/Alkyd Paints.
Vinyl acetate polymers.
Acrylic copolymers.
Paints including drying oil fatty acid derivatives.
Gloss Emulsion Paints.
Introduction and definitions.
Rheology–flow and levelling.
Pigments–flow and levelling.
Film properties.
Paint media–vinyl acetate polymer and copolymer latices.
Acrylic copolymer latices.
Vinylidene chloride copolymer latices.
Core–shell and graft copolymers.
Pigments–specific.
Emulsion stabilisers and pigment dispersants.
Additives for flow improvement.
Mulitcoats.
Thixotropy.
Semi–gloss paints.
Ambient crosslinking.
Prepigmented latices.
Polyurethane and silicone latices.
General papers of interest.
Emulsion Paints for Exterior Use.
General requirements.
Pigments and Extenders.
Inclusion of associative thickeners.
Exterior surfaces (except wood).
Wood coatings.
General.
Specific problems and cures.
Tests on wood coatings.
Vinyl and acrylic formulations.
Adhesion improvement.
Emulsion Paints for Interior Use.
Fire–Retardant Paints.
Introduction–problems and general methods for fire retardancy.
Studies and tests for fire retardance.
Intumescent coatings.
Emulsion Paints as Metal Coatings.
The nature of the problem.
Anticorrosive pigments.
Miscellaneous metals and metal salts.
Minerals and extenders.
Prevention of migration of soluble iron salts–borates.
Basic nitrogen compounds and amides.
Miscellaneous additives.
Specific emulsion types.
Acrylic ester and acrylic ester–styrene latices.
Coatings for automobiles.
Unclassified.
Vinyl acetate copolymers.
Copolymers including ethylene .
Paints containing a vinyl halide.
Paints containing a silicone derivative.
Strippable corrosion–resistant paint.
An application trial.
Incorporation of rust in films.
Latices including cement.
Coatings on aluminium, zinc and copper.
Coatings on Cement and Building Boards.
Cement and concrete coatings.
Coatings for slate.
Miscellaneous.
Special Procedures.
Coatings with gas and moisture barrier properties.
Reconstitutable emulsions.
Prepigmented latices.
Removable coatings.
Gelled water–based coatings.
Paints derived from alkyds and miscellaneous macromolecules.
Special Additions.
Zirconyl and zinc compounds.
Addition of barium compounds; effervescent pigments.
Special Effects.
Various patterned effects.
Multicolour paints.
Conductive paints.
Artists′ Paints.
Conclusion.
Appendix: The Testing of Emulsion Paints.
Viscosity.
Film application: fineness of grind.
Scrub and wash resistance of paint films.
Gloss; opacity.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA).
Adhesion tests.
Some ASTM standard test methods.
References.
INDUSTRIAL FISHING.
Introduction: Definitions.
Water–based industrial finishes.
Pre–treatment: acid etching of metal surfaces by wash primers.
Combinations of Carboxyl and Aminoplast.
Typical examples.
Combinations of carboxyl, hydroxyl and aminoplast.
Combinations of Carboxyl with Other Reactive Groups.
Wire enamels.
The Hydoxyl and Epoxide Groups.
The hydoxyl group.
Epoxide reactions.
Hydroxyl reactions with di–isocyanates.
Finishes Containing Acrylamide and its Derivatives.
Introduction.
Finishes containing acrylamide and N–methylolacrylamide.
Butoxy– and isobutoxymethacrylamide.
Inclusion of epoxide groups.
Other derivatives of acrylamide.
Styrene–butadiene latices including acrylamide and derivatives.
Finishes including vin