Enhanced Visualization: Making Space for 3–D Images

A comprehensive guide to the technologies and techniques used to enable computer–processed images to occupy a 3–D space
This authoritative book focuses on the technologies and techniques that may be used to enable computer–processed images to occupy a three–dimensional (3–D) space. Images depicted in this way take on many of the attributes that we associate with the traditional sculptured image and naturally satisfy a range of pictorial, oculomotor, and binocular depth cues, thereby avoiding depth cue conflict and viewing discomfort. In addition, this opens up exciting opportunities that exist for the development of new interaction tools and techniques.
Enhanced Visualization provides a refreshing and wide–ranging insight into approaches for radically advancing our communication with the digital world.
Content includes:Discussion of a broad range of creative 3–D display system techniquesAn extensive background review of volumetric systemsA chapter devoted to research undertaken in connection with varifocal systemsIdentification of various types of image spaceConsideration of interaction opportunities offered by different forms of image spaceThe impact of different display modalities upon graphics engine hardware and softwareSuggestions for technologies and techniques that warrant significant research effortsA comprehensive range of references
A transdisciplinary approach makes the content accessible to a wide–ranging audience. This book will be of great value to undergraduate and graduate students, to researchers involved in advancing interaction with the digital world, and also to those involved in investing in new forms of computer interaction technologies.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
Chapter One. Setting the Scene.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Historical Background.
1.2.1 I nteraction.
1.2.2 The Display, Data Stream and Interaction Tool Interface.
1.2.3 The Conventional Display.
1.2.4 Raster and Vector Graphics.
1.3 Working within a 2–D Space.
1.4 Concerning Interaction.
1.5 Image and Interaction Spaces.
1.6 Introducing Volumetric and Varifocal Techniques.
1.6.1 The Volumetric Technique.
1.6.2 The Essence of the Volumetric paradigm.
1.6.3 The Varifocal Approach.
1.7 Discussion.
1.8 Investigations.
Chapter Two. Aspects of the Visual System.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Some Characteristics of the Eye.
2.3 Depth Cues.
2.3.1 Pictorial Cues.
2.3.2 Oculomotor Cues.
2.3.3 Motion Parallax.
2.3.4 Stereopsis (Binocular Parallax).
2.4 Considerations on Image Refresh.
2.5 Discussion.
2.6 Investigations.
Chapter 3. Creative 3–D Display Techniques.
3.1Introduction.
3.2 Display Subsystems.
3.3 Stereoscopic Techniques.
3.3.1 A ‘Fog Penetrating’ Televisor.
3.4Extending the Stereoscopic Approach.
3.5 The Physical 3–D Image and its Electronic Rendition.
3.6 Multi–view Displays.
3.7 On Painting and Sculpture.
3.7.1 Information Content.
3.7.2 Working within a 3–D Space.
3.7.3 Display Capability.
3.8 Discussion.
3.9 Investigations.
Chapter 4. The Swept–Volume Approach.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Exemplar Swept–Volume Techniques.
4.3 Swept–Volume Subsystems.
4.3.1 Image Space Creation.
4.3.2 Voxel Generation.
4.3.3 Voxel Activation.
4.4 Parallelism in Voxel Activation.
4.4.1 Restrictions in Voxel Activation.
4.4.2 Designing for Predictability.
4.5 Hardware Based Characterisation.
4.6 The Acceptance of Motion.
4.7 Dead Zones.
4.7.1 The Voxel Placement Dead Zone.
4.7.2 Distortional (Elongation) Dead Zone.
4.7.3 The Visual Dead Zone.
4.7.4 Other Forms of Dead Zone.
4.8 Discussion.
4.9 Investigations.
Chapter 5. The Stati c–Volume Approach.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 An Elementary Static–Volume Implementation.
5.3 Image Space Composition.
5.4 The Classification of Static–Volume Systems.
5.5 Voxel Visibility.
5.6 Beam Intersection and the Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence.
5.6.1 The Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence in Gaseous Media.
5.6.2 The Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence in Non–Gaseous Media.
5.7 The Photochromic Approach.
5.8 Dead Zones.
5.9 Discussion.
5.10 Investigations.
Chapter 6. Swept–Volume Systems: Limited Viewing Freedom.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Image Slices and Image Planes.
6.3 John Logie Baird Makes Space for the Third Dimension.
6.3.1 Perhaps the First Swept–Volume Displays.
6.3.2 Baird Advances Volumetric Image Depiction.
6.4 Parallel Image Planes Using Translational Motion.
6.4.1 A Reciprocating CRT.
6.4.2 Image Slices Focused onto a Moving Screen.
6.4.3 Image Slices Reflected by a Mirror: A Sinusoidal Velocity Profile.
6.4.4 The Peritron.
6.4.5 Image Slices Reflected using a Linearly Moving Mirror.
6.4.6 Image Slices Created using an Active Surface of Emission.
6.5 Parallel Image Planes Using Rotational Motion.
6.5.1 Image Planes Formed by Rotors Equipped with an Active Surface of Emission.
6.5.2 Image Planes Formed by the Rotation of a Series of Mirrors.
6.5.3 Image Planes Formed by the Rotation of a Fiber Optic Bundle.
6.5.4 The Archimedes Spiral Approach.
6.6 Discussion.
6.7 Investigations.
Chapter 7. Low Parallelism Swept–Volume Systems.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 The Planar Screen and Fixed Beam Source(s).
7.2.1 The Planar Screen and Stationary Electron Gun(s).
7.2.2 The Video Frequency with Exhaustive Scanning.
7.3 The Planar Screen and Constant Beam Source Geometry.
7.3.1 The Planar Screen and Co–Rotating Electron Guns.
7.3.2 The Planar Screen and Non–Evasive Projection T echniques.
7.4 A Helical Screen and Passive SOE.
7.4.1 A Helix within a CRT.
7.4.2 HL3D Systems.
7.4.3 Projection onto a Helical screen.
7.5 Alternative Configurations.
7.5.1 A Tilted Planar Screen.
7.5.2 An Alternative Screen Shape.
7.5.3 Augmenting the Planar Screen.
7.5.4 A Sliced Fiber Bundle.
7.5.5 Two Degrees of Freedom.
7.6 An Early Volumetric Radar Display.
7.7 Discussion.
7.8 Investigations.
Chapter 8. Highly Parallel Swept–Volume Systems.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 The Planar Screen and Active Surface of Emission.
8.3 The Planar Screen and Passive Surface of Emission.
8.3.1 A Plurality of Scanned Beam sources.
8.3.2 The Perspecta Display.
8.3.3 Images cast onto Rotating Mirrors.
8.4 The Helical Screen and Active Surface of Emission.
8.5 The Helical screen and Passive Surface of Emission.
8.6 The Relative Rotations of a Screen and an Array of Light Sources.
8.7 The Spinning Lens Approach.
8.8 Discussion.
8.9 Investigations.
Chapter 9. Static–Volume Systems: Example Implementations.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 The Use of an Active Matrix of Voxel Generation Elements.
9.2.1 From Bulbs to Gas Discharge.
9.2.2 A Gas Discharge Display.
9.2.3 An Optical Fiber Technique.
9.2.4 A Stack of LCD Panels Illuminated with Polarized Light.
9.3 Voxel Activation Using Directed Beam Sources.
9.3.1 Electron Beams and a Series of Screen Meshes.
9.3.2 An Image Space Comprising Dust Particles.
9.4 The DepthCube?
9.5 The Beam Intersection Approach.
9.5.1 The Stepwise Excitation of Mercury Vapour.
9.5.2 Erbium Doped Calcium Fluoride.
9.5.3 Rare Earth Doped ZBLAN.
9.5.4 The use of Phosphor Particles Dispersed in a 3–D Medium.
9.5.5 Beam Intersection in a Phosphor Cloud.
9.5.6 The Intersection of Particle Beams in a Gas.
9.6 Stacking Image Slices.
9.6.1 The Use of Beam Splitters: Basic Configuration.
9.6.2 The Use of Beam