Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Elementary Theory and Practical Applications

An introduction and tutorial on electron paramagnetic spectroscopy
Bringing a classic text up to date after three decades of popularity, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Elementary Theory and Practical Applications, Second Edition provides a basic understanding of the underlying theory, fundamentals, and applications of electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR).
Choosing to develop a sound base of knowledge rather than comprehensive coverage, the authors cover the basics along with:Exciting new developments and current trends and techniquesUpdated information on high–frequency and multi–frequency EPRPulsed microwave techniques and spectra analysisDynamic effectsRelaxation phenomenaComputer–based spectra simulationBiomedical aspects of EPRThe application of EPR techniques to problem solving in such areas as organic, inorganic, biological, and analytical chemistry; chemical physics; geophysics; and mineralogy
Written to serve as both a self–study guide for professionals and a textbook for students, this Second Edition will equip readers with the foundation necessary to apply EPR to their own specialized fields of interest.

Spis treści:
PREFACE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Historical Perspective.
1.3 A Simple EPR Spectrometer.
1.4 Scope of the EPR Technique.
1.5 Energy Flow in Paramagnetic Systems.
1.6 Quantization of Angular Momenta.
1.7 Relation Between Magnetic Moments and Angular Momenta.
1.8 Magnetic Field Quantities and Units.
1.9 Bulk Magnetic Properties.
1.10 Magnetic Energies and States.
1.11 Interaction of Magnetic Dipoles with Electromagnetic Radiation.
1.12 Characteristics of the Spin Systems.
1.13 Parallel–Field EPR.
1.14 Time–Resolved EPR.
1.15 Computerology.
1.16 EPR Imaging.
References.
Note s.
Further Reading.
Problems.
2 MAGNETIC INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Theoretical Considerations of the Hyperfine Interaction.
2.3 Angular–Momentum and Energy Operators.
2.4 Energy Levels of a System with One Unpaired Electron and One Nucleus with I = ½.
2.5 Energy Levels of a System with S = ½ and I = 1.
2.6 Signs of Isotropic Hyperfine Coupling Constants.
2.7 Dipolar Interactions Between Electrons.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
3 ISOTROPIC HYPERFINE EFFECTS IN EPR SPECTRA.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Hyperfine Splitting from Protons.
3.3 Hyperfine Splittings from Other Nuclei with I = ½.
3.4 Hyperfine Splittings from Nuclei with I > ½.
3.5 Useful Rules for the Interpretation of EPR Spectra.
3.6 Higher–Order Contributions to Hyperfine Splittings.
3.7 Deviations from the Simple Multinomial Scheme.
3.8 Other Problems Encountered in EPR Spectra of Free Radicals.
3.9 Some Interesting p–Type Free Radicals.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
4 ZEEMAN ENERGY (g) ANISOTROPY.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Systems with High Local Symmetry.
4.3 Systems with Rhombic Local Symmetry.
4.4 Construction of the g Matrix.
4.5 Symmetry–Related Sites.
4.6 EPR Line Intensities.
4.7 Statistically Randomly Oriented Solids.
4.8 Spin–Orbit Coupling and Quantum–Mechanical Modeling of g.
4.9 Comparative Overview.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
5 HYPERFINE (A) ANISOTROPY.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Origin of the Anisotropic Part of the Hyperfine Interaction.
5.3 Determination and Interpretation of the Hyperfine Matrix.
5.4 Combined g and Hyperfine Anisotropy.
5.5 Multiple Hyperfine Matrices.
5.6 Systems With I & ;amp;gt; ½.
5.7 Hyperfine Powder Lineshapes.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
6 SYSTEMS WITH MORE THAN ONE UNPAIRED ELECTRON.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Spin Hamiltonian for Two Interacting Electrons.
6.3 Systems with S = 1 (Triplet States).
6.4 Interacting Radical Pairs.
6.5 Biradicals.
6.6 Systems with S > 1.
6.7 High–Spin and High–Field Energy Terms.
6.8 The Spin Hamiltonian: A Summing up.
6.9 Modeling the Spin–Hamiltonian Parameters.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
7 PARAMAGNETIC SPECIES IN THE GAS PHASE.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Monatomic Gas–Phase Species.
7.3 Diatomic Gas–Phase Species.
7.4 Triatomic and Polyatomic Gas–Phase Molecules.
7.5 Laser Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.
7.6 Other Techniques.
7.7 Reaction Kinetics.
7.8 Astro–EPR.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
8 TRANSITION–GROUP IONS.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 The Electronic Ground States of d–Electron Species.
8.3 The EPR Parameters of d–Electron Species.
8.4 Tanabe–Sugano Diagrams and Energy–Level Crossings.
8.5 Covalency Effects.
8.6 A Ferroelectric System.
8.7 Some f–Electron Systems.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
9 THE INTERPRETATION OF EPR PARAMETERS.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 π–Type Organic Radicals.
9.3 σ–Type Organic Radicals.
9.4 Triplet States and Biradicals.
9.5 Inorganic Radicals.
9.6 Electrically Conducting Systems.
9.7 Techniques for Structural Estimates from EPR Data.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
Appendix 9A Hu¨ckel Molecular–Orbital Calculations.
HMO References.
HMO Problems.
10 RELAXATION TIMES, LINEWIDTHS AND SPIN KINETIC PHENOMENA.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Spin Relaxation: General Aspects.
10.3 Spin Relaxation: Bloch Model.
10.4 Linewidths.
10.5 Dynamic Lineshape Effects.
10.6 Longitudinal Detection.
10.7 Saturation–Transfer EPR.
10.8 Time Dependence of the EPR Signal Amplitude.
10.9 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization.
10.10 Bio–Oxygen.
10.11 Summary.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
11 NONCONTINUOUS EXCITATION OF SPINS.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 The Idealized B1 Switch–on.
11.3 The Single B1 Pulse.
11.4 Fourier–Transform EPR and FID Analysis.
11.5 Multiple Pulses.
11.6 Electron Spin–Echo Envelope Modulation.
11.7 Advanced Techniques.
11.8 Spin Coherence and Correlation.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading .
Problems.
12 DOUBLE–RESONANCE TECHNIQUES.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 A Continuous–Wave ENDOR Experiment.
12.3 Energy Levels and ENDOR Transitions.
12.4 Relaxation Processes in Steady–State ENDOR5.
12.5 CW ENDOR: Single–Crystal Examples.
12.6 CW ENDOR in Powders and Non–Crystalline Solids.
12.7 CW ENDOR in Liquid Solutions.
12.8 Pulse Double–Resonance Experiments.
12.9 Electron–Electron Double Resonance (ELDOR).
12.10 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance.
12.11 Fluorescence–Detected Magnetic Resonance.
References.
Notes.
Further Reading.
Problems.
13 OTHER TOPICS.
13.1 Apologia .
13.2 Biological Systems.
13.3 Clusters.
13.4 Charcoal, Coal, Graphite and Soot .
13.5 Colloids.
13.6 Electrochemical EPR.
13.7 EPR Imaging.
13.8 Ferromagnets, Antiferromagnets and Superparamagnets.
13.9 Glasses.
13.10 Geologic/Mineralogic Systems and Selected Gems.
13.11 Liquid Crystals.
3.12 “Point” Defects.
13.13 Polymers.
13.14 Radiation Dosage and Dating.
13.15 Spin Labels.
13.16 Spin Traps.
13.17 Trapped A