Nanotechnology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists

A practical workbook that bridges the gap between theory and practice in the nanotechnology field
Because nanosized particles possess unique properties, nanotechnology is rapidly becoming a major interest in engineering and science. Nanotechnology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists—a logical follow–up to the author′s previous text, Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions—presents a practical overview of nanotechnology in a unique workbook format.
The author has developed nearly 300 problems that provide a clear understanding of this growing field in four distinct areas of study:Chemistry fundamentals and principlesParticle technologyApplicationsEnvironmental concerns
These problems have been carefully chosen to address the most important basic concepts, issues, and applications within each area, including such topics as patent evaluation, toxicology, particle dynamics, ventilation, risk assessment, and manufacturing. An introduction to quantum mechanics is also included in the Appendix. These stand–alone problems follow an orderly and logical progression designed to develop the reader′s technical understanding.
"This is certain to become the pacesetter in the field, a text to benefit both students of all technical disciplines and practicing engineers and researchers."
—Dr. Howard Beim, Professor of Chemistry, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
"Dr. Theodore has covered most of the important nanotechnology subject matter in this ...work through simple, easy–to–follow problems."
—John McKenna, President and CEO, ETS, Inc.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Introduction.
PART 1: CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES.
1 Units, Conversion Constants, and Dimensional Analysis.
1.1 Background on the Metric System.
1.2 Describe the SI System of Units.
1.2.1 Seven Base Units.
1.2.2 Two Supplement ary Units.
1.2.3 SI Multiples and Prefixes.
1.3 The Conversion Constant gc.
1.4 Unit Conversion Factors: General Approach.
1.5 Temperature Conversions.
1.6 Pressure Calculations.
1.7 Density and Thermal Conductivity.
1.8 Viscosity Conversions.
1.9 Air Quality Standard.
1.10 Conversion Factors for Particulate Measurements.
1.11 Significant Figures and Scientific Notation.
1.12 Uncertainty in Measurement.
2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table.
2.1 Atomic Theory.
2.2 The Avogadro Number.
2.3 Mass and Size of Atoms.
2.4 Atomic Conversions.
2.5 Atomic Number, Atomic Weight, and Mass Number.
2.6 Bismuth Application.
2.7 Elements.
2.8 Symbols for Elements.
2.9 Periodic Table Application.
2.10 Isotopes.
3 Molecular Rearrangements.
3.1 License Plate Sets.
3.2 Chemical Permutations and Combinations.
3.3 Formula Weight and Molecular Weight.
3.4 Mole/Molecule Relationship.
3.5 Pollutant Chemical Formulas.
3.6 Stoichiometry.
3.7 Limiting and Excess Reactants.
3.8 Combustion of Chlorobenzene.
3.9 Metal Alloy Calculation.
3.10 Chemical Production.
4 Concentration Terms.
4.1 Density, Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density.
4.2 Classes of Solution.
4.3 Molality versus Molarity.
4.4 Molar Relationships.
4.5 Concentration Conversion.
4.6 Chlorine Concentration.
4.7 Trace Concentration.
4.8 Ash Emission.
4.9 Dilution Factor.
4.10 Nano Exhaust to Atmosphere.
4.11 Flue Gas Analysis.
4.12 pH.
5 Particle Size, Surface Area, and Volume.
5.1 Sphere, Cube, Rectangular Parallelepiped, and Cylinder.
5.2 Parallelogram, Triangle, and Trapezoid.
5.3 Polygons.
5.4 Elipse and Ellipsoid.
5.5 Cones.
5.6 Torus.
5.7 Area to Volume Ratios.
5.8 Area to Volume Calculation.
5.9 Increase in Sphere Surface Area.
5.10 Increase in Cube Surface Area.
6 Materials Science Principles.
6.1 Metals, Po lymers, and Ceramics.
6.2 Composites, Semiconductors, and Biomaterials.
6.3 Crystal Coordination Numbers.
6.4 Geometry of Metallic Unit Cells.
6.5 Geometry of Ionic Unit Cells.
6.6 Packing Factor.
6.7 Density Calculation.
6.8 Directions and Planes.
6.9 Linear Density.
6.10 Planar Density.
7 Physical and Chemical Property Estimation.
7.1 Property Differences.
7.2 Material Selection.
7.3 Vapor Pressure.
7.4 Vapor Pressure Calculation.
7.5 Heat of Vaporization From Vapor Pressure Data.
7.6 Critical and Reduced Properties.
7.7 Estimating Enthalpy of Vaporization.
7.8 Viscosity.
7.9 Thermal Conductivity.
7.10 Thermal Conductivity Application.
7.11 Nokay Equation and Lydersen’s Method.
7.12 The Rihani and Doraiswamy Procedure, and the Lee–Kesler Equation.
References: Part 1.
PART 2: PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY.
8 Nature of Particulates.
8.1 Definition of Particulates.
8.2 Dust, Smoke, and Fumes.
8.3 Mist and Drizzle.
8.4 Changing Properties.
8.5 Dust Explosions.
8.6 Adsorption and Catalytic Activity in the Atmosphere.
8.7 Particle Size.
8.8 Particle Volume and Surface Area.
8.9 Volume/Surface Area Ratios.
8.10 Particle Formation.
9 Particle Size Distribution.
9.1 Representative Sampling.
9.2 Typical Particle Size Ranges.
9.3 Particle Size Distribution and Concentration for Industrial Particulates.
9.4 Particle Size Distribution.
9.5 Median and Mean Particle Size.
9.6 Standard Deviation.
9.7 The Frequency Distribution Curve.
9.8 The Cumulative Distribution Curve.
9.9 The Normal Distribution.
9.10 The Log Normal Distribution.
9.11 Effect of Size Distribution on Cumulative Distribution Plots.
9.12 Nanoparticle Size Variation With Time.
10 Particle Sizing and Measurement Methods.
10.1 Tyler and U.S. Standard Screens.
10.2 Equivalent Diameter Terms.
10.3 Aerodynamic Diameter.
10.4 Sizing Devices.
10.4.1 Microscopy.
10.4.2 Optical Counters.
10.4.3 Electrical Aerosol Analyzer.
10.4.4 Bahco Microparticle Classifier.
10.4.5 Impactors.
10.4.6 Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS).
10.5 Rectangular Conduit Sampling.
10.6 Volumetric Flow Rate Calculation.
10.7 Particle Mass Flow Rate Calculation.
10.8 Average Particle Concentration.
10.9 Equal Annular Areas for Circular Ducts.
10.10 Traverse Point Location in Circular Ducts.
10.11 Duct Flow Equation Derivation.
10.12 Source Characteristics and Variations.
11 Fluid Particle Dynamics.
11.1 The Gravitational Force.
11.2 The Buoyant Force.
11.3 The Drag Force.
11.4 The Drag Coefficient.
11.5 Equation of Particle Motion/Balance of Forces on a Particle.
11.6 Particle Settling Velocity Equations.
11.7 Determination of the Flow Regime.
11.8 Settling Velocity Application.
11.9 The Cunningham Correction Factor.
11.10 Cunningham Correction Factor Values for Air at Atmospheric Pressure.
11.11 Particle Settling Velocity – Different Regimes.
11.12 Brownian Motion/Molecular Diffusion.
12 Particle Collection Mechanisms.
12.1 Gravity.
12.2 Centrifugal Force.
12.3 Inertial Impaction and Interception.
12.4 Electrostatic Effects.
12.5 Thermophoresis and Diffusiophoresis.
12.6 Acceleration Effects.
12.7 Brownian Motion/Molecular Diffusion Effects.
12.8 Nonspherical Particles.
12.9 Wall Effects.
12.10 Multiparticle Effects.
12.11 Multidimensional Flow.
12.12 Collection Efficiency for Nanosized/Submicron Particles.
13 Particle Collection Efficiency.
13.1 Collection Efficiency: Loading Data.
13.2 Collection Efficiency: Mass Rate.
13.3 Efficiency of Multiple Collectors.
13.4 Penetration.
13.5 Collection Efficiency: Numbers Basis.
13.6 Particle Size–Collection Efficiency Relationships.
13.7 Collection Efficiency: Surface Area Basis.
13.8 Particle