Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy

A unique electrical engineering approach to alternative sources of energy
Unlike other books that deal with alternative sources of energy from a mechanical point of view, Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy takes an electrical engineering perspective. Moreover, the authors examine the full spectrum of alternative and renewable energy with the goal of developing viable methods of integrating energy sources and storage efficiently. Readers become thoroughly conversant with the principles, possibilities, and limits of alternative and renewable energy.
The book begins with a general introduction and then reviews principles of thermodynamics. Next, the authors explore both common and up–and–coming alternative energy sources, including hydro, wind, solar, photovoltaic, thermosolar, fuel cells, and biomass. Following that are discussions of microturbines and induction generators, as well as a special chapter dedicated to energy storage systems. After setting forth the fundamentals, the authors focus on how to integrate the various energy sources for electrical power production. Discussions related to system operation, maintenance, and management, as well as standards for interconnection, are also set forth.
Throughout the book, diagrams are provided to demonstrate the electrical operation of all the systems that are presented. In addition, extensive use of examples helps readers better grasp how integration of alternative energy sources can be accomplished.
The final chapter gives readers the opportunity to learn about the HOMER Micropower Optimization Model. This computer model, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), assists in the design of micropower systems and facilitates comparisons of power generation techniques. Readers can download the software from the NREL Web site.
This book is a must–read for engineers, consultants, regulators, and environmentalists involved in energy production and deliver y, helping them evaluate alternative energy sources and integrate them into an efficient energy delivery system. It is also a superior textbook for upper–level undergraduates and graduate students.

Spis treści:
CONTRIBUTORS.
FOREWORD.
PREFACE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS.
1. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy.
1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy.
1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy.
1.4.1 Grid–Supplied Electricity.
1.4.2 Load.
1.4.3 Distributed Generation.
1.5 Renewable Energy Economics.
1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs.
1.6 European Targets for Renewables.
1.6.1 Demand–Side Management Options.
1.6.2 Supply–Side Management Options.
1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources.
1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States.
1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time.
1.7.3 Sustainability.
1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems.
References.
2. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS.
2.1. Introduction.
2.2. State of a Thermodynamic System.
2.3. Fundamental Laws and Principles.
2.3.1 Example in a Nutshell.
2.3.2 Practical Problems Associated with Carnot Cycle Plant.
2.3.3 Rankine Cycle for Power Plants.
2.3.4 Brayton Cycle for Power Plants.
2.3.5 Energy and Power.
2.4 Examples of Energy Balance.
2.4.1 Simple Residential Energy Balance.
2.4.2 Refrigerator Energy Balance.
2.4.3 Energy Balance for a Water Heater.
2.4.4 Rock Bed Energy Balance.
2.4.5 Array of Solar Collectors.
2.4.6 Heat Pump.
2.4.7 Heat Transfer Analysis.
2.5 Planet Earth: A Closed But Not Isolated System.
References.
3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Determination of the Useful Power.
3.3 Expedient Topographical and Hydrological Measurements.
3.3.1 Simple Measurement of Elevation.
3.3.2 Glo bal Positioning Systems for Elevation Measurement.
3.3.3 Specification of Pipe Losses.
3.3.4 Expedient Measurements of Stream Water Flow.
3.3.5 Civil Works.
3.4 Generating Unit.
3.4.1 Regulation Systems.
3.4.2 Butterfly Valves.
3.5 Waterwheels.
3.6 Turbines.
3.6.1 Pelton Turbine.
3.6.2 Francis Turbine.
3.6.3 Michel–Banki Turbine.
3.6.4 Kaplan or Hydraulic Propeller Turbine.
3.6.5 Deriaz Turbines.
3.6.6 Water Pumps Working as Turbines.
3.6.7 Specification of Hydro Turbines.
References.
4. WIND POWER PLANTS.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Appropriate Location.
4.2.1 Evaluation of Wind Intensity.
4.2.2 Topography.
4.2.3 Purpose of the Energy Generated.
4.2.4 Means of Access.
4.3 Wind Power.
4.4 General Classification of Wind Turbines.
4.4.1 Rotor Turbines.
4.4.2 Multiple–Blade Turbines.
4.4.3 Drag Turbines (Savonius).
4.4.4 Lifting Turbines.
4.4.5 System TARP–WARP.
4.4.6 Accessories.
4.5 Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy.
4.6 Analysis of Small Generating Systems.
References.
5. THERMOSOLAR POWER PLANTS.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Water Heating by Solar Energy.
5.3 Heat Transfer Calculation of Thermally Isolated Reservoirs.
5.4 Heating Domestic Water.
5.5 Thermosolar Energy.
5.5.1 Parabolic Trough.
5.5.2 Parabolic Dish.
5.5.3 Solar Power Tower.
5.5.4 Production of Hydrogen.
5.6 Economical Analysis of Thermosolar Energy.
References.
6. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Solar Energy.
6.3 Generation of Electricity by Photovoltaic Effect.
6.4 Dependence of a PV Cell Characteristic on Temperature.
6.5 Solar Cell Output Characteristics.
6.6 Equivalent Models and Parameters for Photovoltaic Panels.
6.6.1 Dark–Current Electric Parameters of a Photovoltaic Panel.
6.6.2 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Series.
6.6.3 Model of a PV Panel Consisting of n Cells in Parallel.
6.7 Photovoltaic Systems.
6.7.1 Illumination Area.
6.7.2 Solar Modules and Panels.
6.7.3 Aluminum Structures.
6.7.4 Load Controller.
6.7.5 Battery Bank.
6.8 Applications of Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
6.8.1 Residential and Public Illumination.
6.8.2 Stroboscopic Signaling.
6.8.3 Electric Fence.
6.8.4 Telecommunications.
6.8.5 Water Supply and Micro–Irrigation Systems.
6.8.6 Control of Plagues and Conservation of Food and Medicine.
6.8.7 Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation by Electrolysis.
6.8.8 Electric Power Supply.
6.8.9 Security and Alarm Systems.
6.9 Economical Analysis of Solar Energy.
References.
7. POWER PLANTS WITH FUEL CELLS.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 The Fuel Cell.
7.3 Commercial Technologies for Generation of Electricity.
7.4 Practical Issues Related to Fuel Cell Stacking.
7.4.1 Low– and High–Temperature Fuel Cells.
7.4.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Issues.
7.5 Constructional Features of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.
7.6 Constructional Features of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.
7.7 Water, Air, and Heat Management.
7.8 :oad Curve Peak Shaving with Fuel Cells.
7.8.1 Maximal Load Curve Flatness at Constant Output Power.
7.8.2 Amount of Thermal Energy Necessary.
7.9 Reformers, Electrolyzer Systems, and Related Precautions.
7.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells.
7.11 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit.
7.12 Practical Determination of the Equivalent Model Parameters.
7.12.1 Example of Determination of FC Parameters.
7.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as Fuel.
7.14 Future Perspectives.
References.
8. BIOMASS–POWERED MICROPLANTS.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Fuel from Biomass.
8.3 Biogas.
8.4 Biomass for Biogas.
8.5 Biological Formation of Biogas.
8.6 Factors Affecting Biodigestion.
8.7 Characteristics of Biodigesters.
8.8 Construction of Biodigester.
8.8.1 Sizing a B