Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis

An integrated approach to understanding the principles of sampling, chemical analysis, and instrumentation
This unique reference focuses on the overall framework and why various methodologies are used in environmental sampling and analysis. An understanding of the underlying theories and principles empowers environmental professionals to select and adapt the proper sampling and analytical protocols for specific contaminants as well as for specific project applications. Covering both field sampling and laboratory analysis, Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis includes:
A review of the basic analytical and organic chemistry, statistics, hydrogeology, and environmental regulations relevant to sampling and analysis
An overview of the fundamentals of environmental sampling design, sampling techniques, and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) essential to acquire quality environmental data
A detailed discussion of: the theories of absorption spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative environmental analysis; metal analysis using various atomic absorption and emission spectrometric methods; and the instrumental principles of common chromatographic and electrochemical methods
An introduction to advanced analytical techniques, including various hyphenated mass spectrometries and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
With real–life case studies that illustrate the principles plus problems and questions at the end of each chapter to solidify understanding, this is a practical, hands–on reference for practitioners and a great textbook for upper–level undergraduates and graduate students in environmental science and engineering.

Spis treści:
Preface.
1. Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition.
1.1 Introduction.
1.1.1 Importance of Scientifically Reliable and Legally Defensible Data.
1.1.2 Sampling Error vs. Analy tical Error During Data Acquisition.
1.2 Environmental Sampling.
1.2.1 Scope of Environmental Sampling.
1.2.2 Where, When, What, How, and How Many.
1.3 Environmental Analysis.
1.3.1 Uniqueness of Modern Environmental Analysis.
1.3.2 Classical and Modern Analytical and Monitoring Techniques.
References.
Questions and Problems.
2. Basics of Environmental Sampling and Analysis.
2.1 Essential Analytical and Organic Chemistry.
2.1.1 Concentration Units.
2.1.2 Common Organic Pollutants and Their Properties.
2.1.3 Analytical Precision, Accuracy, and Recovery.
2.1.4 Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit.
2.1.5 Standard Calibration Curve.
2.2 Essential Environmental Statistics.
2.2.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion.
2.2.2 Understanding Probability Distributions.
2.2.3 Type I and II Errors: False Positive and False Negative.
2.2.4 Detection of Outliers.
2.2.5 Analysis of Censored Data.
2.2.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data.
2.3 Essential Hydrology and Geology.
2.3.1 Stream Water Flow and Measurement.
2.3.2 Groundwater Flow in Aquifers.
2.3.3 Groundwater Wells.
2.4 Essential Knowledge of Environmental Regulations.
2.4.1 Major Regulations Administrated by the U.S. EPA.
2.4.2 Other Important Environmental Regulations.
References.
Questions and Problems.
3. Environmental Sampling Design.
3.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols.
3.1.1 Data Quality Objectives.
3.1.2 Basic Considerations of Sampling Plan.
3.2 Sampling Environmental Population.
3.2.1 Where (Space) and When (Time) to Sample.
3.2.2 Obtain Representative Samples from Various Matrices.
3.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When.
3.3.1 Judgmental Sampling.
3.3.2 Simple Random Sampling.
3.3.3 Stratified Random Sampling.
3.3.4 Systematic Sampling.
3.3.5 Other Sampling Designs.
3.4 Estimating Sample Numbers: How Many Samples are Required.
Ref erences.
Questions and Problems.
4. Environmental Sampling Techniques.
4.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques.
4.1.1 Sequence of Sampling Matrices and Analytes.
4.1.2 Sample Amount.
4.1.3 Sample Preservation and Storage.
4.1.4 Selection of Sample Containers.
4.1.5 Selection of Sampling Equipment.
4.2 Techniques for Sampling Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips.
4.2.1 Surface Water and Wastewater Sampling.
4.2.2 Groundwater Sampling.
4.2.3 Soil and Sediment Sampling.
4.2.4 Hazardous Waste Sampling.
4.2.5 Biological Sampling.
4.2.6 Air and Stack Emission Sampling.
References.
Questions and Problems.
5. Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis.
5.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies.
5.1.1 The U.S. EPA Methods for Air, Water, Wastewater, and Hazardous Waste.
5.1.2 Other Applicable Methods: APHA/ASTM/OSHA/NIOSH/USGS/AOAC.
5.2 Selection of Standard Methods.
5.2.1 Methods for Sample Preparation.
5.2.2 Methods for Physical, Biological, and General Chemical Parameters.
5.2.3 Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
5.2.4 Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs).
5.2.5 Methods for Other Pollutants and Compounds of Emerging Environmental Concerns.
5.3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).
5.3.1 Types of Field QA/QC Samples.
5.3.2 Numbers of Field QA/QC Samples.
5.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control.
5.4.1 Quality Control Procedures for Sample Preparation.
5.4.2 Quality Control Procedures During Analysis.
References.
Questions and Problems.
6. Common Operations and Wet Chemical Methods in Environmental Laboratories.
6.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories.
6.1.1 Labware Cleaning Protocols for Trace Analysis.
6.1.2 Chemical Reagent Purity, Standard, and Reference Materials.
6.1.3 Volumetric Glassware and Calibration.
6.1.4 L aboratory Health, Safety, and Emergency First Aid.
6.1.5 Waste Handling and Disposal.
6.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis.
6.2.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Wet Chemical Methods.
6.2.2 Common Laboratory Techniques.
6.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods.
6.3.1 Moisture in Solid and Biological Samples.
6.3.2 Solids in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge (TS, TSS, TDS, VS).
6.3.3 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Hardness of Waters.
6.3.4 Oxygen Demand in Water and Wastewater (DO, BOD and COD).
6.3.5 Oil and Grease in Water and Wastewater.
6.3.6 Residual Chlorine and Chloride in Drinking Water.
6.3.7 Ammonia in Wastewater.
6.3.8 Cyanide in Water, Wastewater and Soil Extract.
6.3.9 Sulfide in Water and Waste.
References.
Questions and Problems.
7. Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis.
7.1 Overview on Sample Preparation.
7.1.1 Purpose of Sample Preparation.
7.1.2 Types of Sample Preparation.
7.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis.
7.2.1 Various Forms of Metals and Preparation Methods.
7.2.2 Principles of Acid Digestion and Selection of Acid.
7.2.3 Alkaline Digestion and Other Extraction Methods.
7.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non–VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples.
7.3.1 Separatory Funnel and Continuous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE).
7.3.2 Solid Phase Extraction.
7.3.3 Solid Phase Microextraction.
7.3.4 Soxhlet and Automatic Soxhlet Extraction (Soxtec).
7.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction.
7.3.6 Pressured Fluid Extraction.
7.3.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction.
7.3.8 Comparison and Selection of Organic Extraction Methods.
7.4 Post–Extraction Clean–up of Organic Compounds.
7.4.1 Theories and Operation Principles of Various Clean–up Methods.
7.4.2 Recommended Clean–up Method for Selected Compounds.
7.5 Derivatization of Non–VOC for Gas Phase Analysis.
7.6 S