FTTX Concepts and Applications

The ever–growing requests for more bandwidth from applications running over the Internet are driving the need to upgrade access networks with high–capacity connections. This book presents fundamental passive optical network (PON) concepts, providing readers with the tools needed to understand, design, and build these new access networks. The logical sequence of topics begins with the underlying principles and components of optical fiber communication technologies used in access networks. Next, the book progresses from descriptions of PON and fiber–to–the–X (FTTX) alternatives to their application to fiber–to–the–premises (FTTP) networks and, lastly, to essential measurement and testing procedures for network installation and maintenance.
A wealth of practical material and special features enables readers to grasp the differences among the major types of PON architectures and identify the pros and cons of FTTX alternatives, including:A detailed overview of optical cables, passive components, and transceivers needed to implement FTTP networksIllustrations of FTTP implementation criteria in different categories of neighborhoods, optical power budget analysis for network designs, and options for supplying electrical power to customer equipmentDiscussions of FTTP cable plan implementations, including cabling interfaces and enclosures in the central office, cables and equipment enclosures in the outside plant, and optical cable installation proceduresDescriptions of measurement techniques and troubleshooting guidelines for verifying that networks have been configured properly
An accompanying Web site provides a free downloadable interactive FTTP network simulation tool. This educational program provides readers with practical hands–on experience with FTTP networks.
With global telecommunications companies racing to install cost–effective FTTP networks, th is is essential reading for engineers and managers involved in telecommunications and signal processing. Moreover, the 126 homework problems make this an excellent textbook for senior–level courses covering the principles and applications of PON technology.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Chapter 1 Access Technologies.
1.1 General Network Concepts.
1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts.
1.1.2 Types of Networks.
1.1.3 Network Terminology.
1.1.4 First–Mile Concept.
1.1.5 Network Market Opportunities.
1.1.6 Terminology for Premises.
1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies.
1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber–Coax.
1.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line.
1.2.3 WiMAX.
1.3 Passive Optical Networks.
1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures.
1.3.2 What Is FTTx?
1.4 Point–to–Point Links.
1.5 Summary.
Further Reading.
Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials.
2.1 Definitions of Units and Terms.
2.1.1 Metric Prefixes.
2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands.
2.1.3 Optical Spectral Band.
2.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy.
2.1.5 Decibel Units.
2.1.6 Refractive Index.
2.2 Elements of an Optical Link.
2.3 Optical Fibers.
2.3.1 Fiber Structures.
2.3.2 Rays and Modes.
2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation.
2.5 Fiber Information Capacity.
2.5.1 Modal Dispersion.
2.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion.
2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion.
2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers.
2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.
2.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering.
2.7 Optical Fiber Standards.
2.8 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 3 Wavelength–Division Multiplexing.
3.1 Operational Principles of WDM.
3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions.
3.1.2 Generic WDM Link.
3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids.
3.2.1 Dense WDM.
3.2.2 Coarse WDM.
3.2.3 PON Spectral Regions.
3.3 Optical Couplers.
3.3.1 Basic 22 Coupler.
3.3.2 Coupler Performance.
3 .3.3 Tap Coupler.
3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links.
3.5 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 4 PON Transceivers.
4.1 Optical Sources for PONs.
4.1.1 Source Characteristics.
4.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers.
4.1.3 Modulation Speed.
4.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages.
4.2 Optical Receivers.
4.2.1 Photodetector Types.
4.2.2 Quantum Efficiency.
4.2.3 Responsivity.
4.2.4 Speed of Detector Response.
4.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth.
4.2.6 Photodetector Noise.
4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR.
4.4 Burst–Mode Receiver Concept.
4.5 Burst–Mode ONT Transmission.
4.6 PON Transceiver Packages.
4.7 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components.
5.1 WDM Couplers for PONs.
5.1.1 Thin–Film Filters.
5.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings.
5.2 Optical Power Splitter.
5.2.1 Splitting Loss.
5.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure.
5.3 Optical Cables for PONs.
5.3.1 Cable Structures.
5.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding.
5.4 Fiber Interconnections.
5.4.1 Optical Connectors.
5.4.2 Connector Losses.
5.4.3 Optical Splices.
5.5 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks.
6.1 Fundamental PON Architecture.
6.2 Active PON Modules.
6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal.
6.2.2 Optical Network Terminal.
6.2.3 Optical Network Unit.
6.3 Traffic Flows.
6.4 Passive Component Applications.
6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs.
6.4.2 Optical Power Splitters.
6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures.
6.4.4 Wavelength Couplers.
6.5 PON Alternatives.
6.5.1 BPON Basics.
6.5.2 EPON and EFM.
6.5.3 GPON Basics.
6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges.
6.7 Standards Development.
6.7.1 ITU–T.
6.7.2 FSAN.
6.7.3 IEEE.
6.8 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics.
7.1 BPON Architecture.
7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes.
7.1.2 OLT Capabilities.
7.2 ATM Basics.
7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells.
7.2.2 ATM Service Categories.
7.2.3 Service Level Agreements.
7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics.
7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows.
7.3.2 Protection of Grants.
7.3.3 Video Traffic.
7.4 Traffic Control.
7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation.
7.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation.
7.5 Standards Details.
7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1.
7.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2.
7.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3.
7.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4.
7.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5.
7.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6.
7.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7.
7.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8.
7.6 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile.
8.1 EFM Options.
8.2 EPON Architecture.
8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions.
8.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows.
8.2.3 Power Levels Received.
8.3 MPCP Functions.
8.3.1 Discovery Process.
8.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment.
8.3.3 Transmission Timing.
8.4 Point–to–Point Ethernet.
8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber.
8.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper.
8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards.
8.6 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics.
9.1 GPON Architecture.
9.1.1 GSR Specification.
9.1.2 GPON Protection Switching.
9.1.3 Information Security in a GPON.
9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2.
9.2.1 Optical Performances.
9.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control.
9.2.3 Forward Error Correction.
9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer.
9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format.
9.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format.
9.3.3 GEM Segment.
9.4 ONT Management and Control.
9.5 Summary.
Problems.
Further Reading.
Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications.
10.1 Implementation Scenarios.
10.1.1 Application Alternatives.
10.1.2 Installation Types.
10.2 Network Architectures.
10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations.
10.2.2 Network Design Variations.
10.3 Lo