Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts

A comprehensive survey of fundamental principles and the latest research on atmospheric, climatic, and hydrologic sciences
The Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts is the first of two stand–alone volumes that will be landmarks in the meteorological literature for many years to come. Each volume encompasses both fundamental topics and critical issues that have recently surfaced in studies of the hydrosphere and atmosphere. Renowned experts have contributed to every part of this handbook. Each overview chapter is followed by topic–specific chapters written by specialists who present comprehensive discussions at a greater level of detail and complexity.
The Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts covers topics that are essential for grasping the scientific bases of major issues such as global climate warming, the ozone hole, acid rain, floods, droughts, and other natural disasters. Cross–references between chapters allow readers to easily pursue a specific interest beyond a particular subtopic or individual chapter.
Other topics include:Aerosols and smogCloud chemistryGreenhouse gasesRemote sensing techniques in hydrologyHydrologic forecasting and simulationTropical deforestation effects on the climate systemSocietal impacts of the El Niño phenomenon
The Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts will be an essential addition to the libraries of professionals and academics in the environmental sciences, and a valuable source book for university and technical libraries throughout the world.

Spis treści:
Preface.
Contributors.
SECTION I: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY.
1. OVERVIEW: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY (Jack Fishman).
1 Stratospheric Chemistry: Understanding the Ozone Layer.
2 Tropospheric Chemistry: A Complex Interaction of Biogeochemical Cycles.
3 Global Carbon Cycle.
4 Global Carbon Budget.
5 Atmospheric Chemistry within Global Carbon Cycle.
6 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Oxidizing Capacity of Troposphere.
7 Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Warming.
8 Stratosphere–Troposphere Chemical and Climate Interaction.
9 Stratosphere–Trophosphere Exchange.
References.
2. OXIDIZING POWER OF ATMOSPHERE (Daniel J. Jacob).
1 Introduction.
2 Hydroxyl Radical OH.
3 Other Atmospheric Oxidants.
References.
3. TROPOSPHERIC OZONE (Jack Fishman).
1 Introduction.
2 Chemistry of Tropospheric Ozone Formation.
3 Global Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone.
4 Tropospheric Ozone Trends in Nonurban Troposphere.
5 Global Tropospheric Ozone Budget.
6 Current Understanding of Tropospheric Ozone Budget.
References.
4. NITROGEN OXIDES AND OTHER REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES (J. H. Crawford, J. D. Bradshaw, D. D. Davis, and S. C. Liu).
1 Introduction.
2 Chemical Transformations and Speciation of Reactive Nitrogen.
3 Sources of Reactive Nitrogen.
4 Tropospheric Distribution of Reactive Nitrogen.
References.
5. CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (Paul Novelli).
1 Measurement Techniques.
2 Global CO Distributions.
3 Global CO Budget.
4 Tropospheric Trends.
References.
6. ATMOSPHERIC METHANE (M. A. K. Khalil and M. J. Shearer).
1 Introduction.
2 Atmospheric Observations.
3 Mass Balance.
4 Sources and Sinks.
5 Past and Present Trends.
6 Discussion and Commentary.
References.
7. BIOGENIC NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS (Marcy E. Litvak).
1 Introduction.
2 Biogenic NMVOCs.
3 Regional and Global Distribution of Biogenic NMVOC Emissions.
4 Summary and Conclusions.
References.
8. ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR (D. D. Davis, G. Chen, and M. Chin).
1 Introduction.
2 Chemical Forms, Sources, and Concentration Levels.
3 Trans formations.
4 Global Distributions of SO2 and Sulfate.
5 Stratospheric Sulfur.
References.
9. CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT (Kenneth E. Pickering).
1 Introduction.
2 Observations.
3 Modeling.
4 Summary.
References.
10. BOUNDARY LAYER PROCESSES AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS (Donald H. Lenschow).
1 Introduction.
2 Boundary Layer Evolution.
3 Structure of the Boundary Layer.
4 Scales and Processes.
5 Observational Techniques.
References.
11. SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF AEROSOL PARTICLES (Richard Arimoto).
1 Introduction.
2 Mechanically Generated Aerosols.
3 Sources Producing Primary and Secondary Particles.
4 Concluding Remarks.
References.
12. AEROSOLS: FORMATION AND MICROPHYSICS IN THE TROPOSPHERE (John H. Seinfeld).
1 Introduction.
2 Particle Size Distribution.
3 Residence Times of Particles in the Troposphere.
4 Tropospheric Aerosols.
5 Aerosol Microphysics.
6 Conclusion.
References.
13. PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG: OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS (Sanford Sillman).
1 Introduction.
2 General Features of Photochemical Smog.
3 Relation between Ozone, NOx, and Hydrocarbons.
4 Chemistry of Ozone Formation.
References.
14. BIOMASS BURNING (Anne M. Thompson).
1 Introduction.
2 Chemical Reactions: Ozone Formation and Effects of Fires on Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity.
3 Results of Tropical Field Campaigns.
4 Remote Sensing.
References.
15. ACID RAIN AND DEPOSITION (William B. Grant).
1 Introduction.
2 Sources.
3 Transformation.
4 Transport.
5 Deposition.
6 Measurement.
7 Intensive Study Programs.
8 Global Trends in Emissions and Deposition.
9 Soil Changes.
10 Effects of Forests, Aquatic Ecosystems, and Materials.
11 Policies.
References.
16. FUNDAMENTALS OF VISIBILITY (William C. Malm).
1 Introduction.
2 Theory of Radiation Transfer and Visibility.
3 Visibility Impairment.
4 Examples of Visibility Impairment.
5 Value of Good Visual Air Quality.
References.
17 CLOUD CHEMISTRY (Stephen E. Schwartz).
1 Introduction.
2 Cloud Physical Properties Pertinent to Cloud Chemistry.
3 Sources of Cloudwater Composition.
4 Uptake of Gases into Cloudwater.
5 Reactive Uptake of Gases by Cloudwater.
6 Coupled Mass Transport of Chemical Reaction.
7 Summary.
References.
18. DRY DEPOSITION (M. L. Wesely).
1 Introduction.
2 Formulation of Deposition Velocity.
3 Deposition Velocity Estimates.
4 Models of Deposition Velocity.
References.
19. FATE OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES: WET DEPOSITION (Chris Walcek).
1 Introduction.
2 Nucleation Scavenging.
References.
20. LARGE–SCALE CIRCULATION OF THE STRATOSPHERE (William L. Grose).
1 Governing Equations.
2 Vertical Temperature Structure.
3 Zonal–Mean Climatology of Temperatures and Zonal Winds.
4 Zonal–Mean Meridonial Circulation.
5 Wave Motions.
6 Summary.
References.
21. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE OBSERVATIONS (Jack A. Kaye and Jack Fishman).
1 Introduction.
2 Properties of Ozone Affecting Its Measurement.
3 Total Column Measurements.
4 Ozone Vertical Profile Measurements.
5 Future Measurements.
References.
22. AEROSOL PROCESSES IN THE STRATOSPHERE (Mario J. Molina).
1 Introduction.
2 Chemical Reactions on Stratospheric Aerosols.
3 Heterogeneous Reaction Rates and Mechanisms.
4 Thermodynamic Properties of Stratospheric Aerosols.
5 Mechanism of Formation of Stratospheric Aerosols.
References.
SECTION 2: HYDROLOGY.
23. HYDROLOGY OVERVIEW (Soroosh Sorooshian and Martha P. L. Whitaker).
1 Introduction.
2 Hydrologic Cycle.
3 Reservoirs.
4 Fluxes.
5 Modeling and Remote Sensing of the Global Hydrologic Cycle: Modeling Globally, Benefiting Locally.
6 Stochastic Models of Hydrologic Processes.
7 Conclusion.
References.
24. RAINFALL (James A. Smith).
1 Rain Gages.
2 Radar.
3 Satellite.
Reference