Practical Veterinary Urinalysis

Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is a comprehensive, clinically relevant resource for the veterinary laboratory. This bench–top guide covers sample handling guidelines, interpretation of dry chemical analysis, and recommendations for physical and microscopic evaluation. Emphasizing diagnostic techniques and result interpretation, Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is an ideal aid for anyone who performs and interprets urinalysis testing. Beginning with an overview of renal physiology and urine production, the main focus of the book is examination and analysis of urine samples, including physical properties, chemical analysis, and sediment examination. Additional chapters review diagnostic tests and considerations for proteinuria, advanced diagnostics, quality assurance and laboratory set–up. Practical Veterinary Urinalysis is an invaluable tool for achieving accurate and reliable laboratory results and is a useful addition to any veterinary library. Key features Reviews renal function and urine formation to better understand urinalysis results Provides procedural information for accurate and efficient urinalysis testing Explains analytical methodologies of individual urine dipstick tests Includes many high–quality images for identification of formed elements in urine sediment Incorporates easy–to–use diagnostic algorithms and reference tables Presents concise, comprehensive guidelines for veterinary professionals

Preface and Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Functional Renal Physiology and Urine Production 1 Glomerular filtration 1 Tubular reabsorption and secretion 3 Collecting tubules 5 Renal function and measures of renal function 5 Laboratory assessment of renal function 6 Chapter 2 Specimen Procurement 9 Laboratory defi nitions for collection methods 9 Urine specimen containers 12 Specimen handling and preservation 15 Types of urine specimens 16 Chapter 3 Routine Urinalysis: Physical Properties 19 Solute concentration 19 Urine color 25 Chapter 4 Routine Urinalysis: Chemical Analysis 29 pH 29 Protein 32 Glucose 38 Ketone 40 Blood 42 Bilirubin 45 Urobilinogen 48 Nitrite 49 Leukocyte esterase 50 Specific gravity 51 Chapter 5 Routine Urinalysis: Microscopic Elements 55 Urine sediment preparation 55 Examination of urine sediment 57 Microscopic elements of urine sediment 59 Chapter 6 Proteinuria 113 Protein handling by the kidney 113 Signifi cance of proteinuria 116 Laboratory diagnosis of proteinuria 117 Recommendations regarding diagnosis of proteinuria 126 Additional considerations for proteinuria 126 Chapter 7 Advanced Diagnostics 133 Detection of bacteriuria versus diagnosis of urinary tract infection 133 Urinary tract cytology 136 Fractional excretion 147 Urinary biomarkers 149 Chapter 8 Laboratory Quality Assurance 155 Physical requirements of the laboratory 155 Laboratory equipment 157 Reagents and supplies for the urinalysis laboratory 160 Laboratory waste 160 Quality control in the urinalysis laboratory 161 Procedure manuals 163 Index 165

Carolyn A. Sink MS, MT(ASCP), supervises Diagnostic and Support Services in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine in Blacksburg, Virginia . Nicole M. Weinstein DVM, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), is the section chief of Laboratory Services in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Sciences at Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine in Blacksburg, Virginia.

“Overall, this book is reasonably priced and will be a useful and relevant addition to any laboratory or veterinary medical library, with valuable information for both veterinarians and veterinary technicians.”  ( Journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association , 16 September 2012) “A ′must′ for any vet′s reference and for veterinary students.”  ( Midwest Book Review , 1 July 2012) “This book would be a great addition to any practice to encourage the use of urinalysis.”  ( Veterinary Record, 28 July 2012)